《语言学导论》期末复习及练习.docx

《语言学导论》期末复习及练习.docx

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《语言学导论》期末复习及练习

《语言学导论》复习及各章节练习

CHAPTERONE

I.Designfeaturesoflanguage:

productivity,duality,arbitrariness,anddisplacement

II.Originoflanguage:

•Themysteriousoriginofthelanguageorholyorigin

•Bow-wow自然模声说

•Yo-he-ho劳动号子说

•Evolution进化说

•Conventionalism约定俗成说

•Innatism先天论

•After-birthacquisition后天习得说

•Gestures手势说

•Embodiment体验说（Reality---cognition---language）

III.Functionsoflanguage:

informativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,emotivefunction,phaticcommunion,recreationalfunctionandmetalingualfunction

IV.Linguisticsanditsbranches

1.Sixperiodsoflinguistics

•Philology传统语文学时期（19世纪前）

•Historical&comparativelinguistics历史比较语言学时期（19世纪）

•Structurallinguistics结构主义语言学时期（20世纪初）

•Functionallinguistics系统功能主义语言学时期（20世纪中）

•Transferredgenerativelinguistics转换生成语言学时期（20世纪中）

•Cognitivelinguistics认知语言学时期（20世纪80年代）

2.internalbranches:

inrea-disciplinarydivisions（内部分支）

1）Phonetics（语音学）studieshowspeechsoundsarepronounced,transmittedandperceived.

2）Phonology（音系学）isthestudyoftherulesgoverningthestructure,distributionandsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.（研究语音和音节的结构、分布和序列）

3）Morphology（形态学）isconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning-morphemesandword-formationprocesses.

4）Syntax（句法学）isthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyofinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.

5）Semantics（语义学）isthestudyofhowmeaningisencodedinalanguage,oritisthestudyofmeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular.

6）Pragmatics（语用学）isthestudyofmeaningincontextorinuse.

3.externalbranches:

inter-disciplinarydivisions（外部分支：

跨学科分支，即宏观语言学分支）

1）Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoftheinterrelationoflanguageandmind.

2）Sociolinguisticsstudiesthecharacteristicsoflanguagesvarieties,languagefunctionsandspeakersasthethreeinteractandchangewithinaspeechcommunity.

3）Anthropologicallinguisticsstudiestheemergenceoflanguageandthedivergenceoflanguageoverthousandsofyears.

4）Computationallinguisticsstudiestheuseofcomputerstoprocessorproducehumanlanguage.

ChapterTwoPhonetics

1.Sub-branchesofphonetics

Articulatoryphonetics:

theproductionofspeechsounds

Acousticphonetics:

thephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds

Auditoryphoneticsorperceptualphonetics:

theperceptivemechanismofspeechsounds

2.Groupsofspeechsounds

Consonantsandvowels

3.Waystodescribeconsonants

1）positionofarticulation

2）mannerofarticulation

3）voicedorvoiceless

4.Waystodescribevowels

1）theheightoftongueraising（high,mid,low）;

2）thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue（front,central,back）

3）thelengthortensenessofthevowel（tensevs.laxorlongvs.short）;

4）lip-rounding（roundedvs.unrounded）

ChapterThreePhonology

I.PhonemesandAllophones

1.Phoneme:

adistinctive,abstractsoundwithadistinctivefeature（具有区别意义的最小语音单位）

2.Allophones:

thevariantsofaphoneme（音位变体）

3.Contrastivedistribution（对立分布）：

thetypicaltobefoundinMinimalPairs（最小对比对）。

AMinimalPairreferstotwowordswhichdifferfromeachotherbyonlyonedistinctivesound（onephoneme）andwhichalsodifferinmeaning,forexample,bearandpear.

4.Complementarydistribution（互补分布）:

allophonesarenotfoundinthesameposition

5.Freevariation（自由变体）：

Ifsegmentsappearinthesamepositionbutthemutualsubstitutiondoesnotresultinchangeofmeaning,theyaresaidtobeinfreevariation.

II.SuprasegmentalFeatures（超音段特征）

Theprinciplesuprasegmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,toneandintonation.

ChapterFourMorphology

I.Morpheme

1.Morpheme:

thesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage（最小的有意义的语言单位）

2.FreeMorphemes（自由语素）andBoundMorphemes（黏着语素）

1）Freemorphemes:

Morphemesconstitutingwordsbythemselvesarecalledfreemorphemes.Theyarerootsofwords.

2）Boundmorphemes:

Morphemesalwaysattachedtofreemorphemestoformnewwordsarecalledboundmorphemes.Theyareaffixesofwords,whichcanbefurtherdividedintoinflectionalaffixes（屈折词缀）andderivationalaffixes（派生词缀）.

3）InflectionalmorphemesinmodernEnglishindicatecaseandnumberofnouns,tenseandaspectofverbs,anddegreeofadjectivesandadverbs.

4）Derivationalmorphemesareboundmorphemesaddedtoexistingformstoconstructnewwords.

II.WordFormation

1.Derivation（派生法）

2.Compounding（复合法）

3.Lexicalchangeproper（特有的词汇变化）

Inventionorcoinage

Blending

Abbreviation

Acronym

Back-formation

Borrowing

III.Semanticchange

Broadening（词义扩大）

Narrowing（词义缩小）

Metathesis（

Meaningshift（词义转移）

ChapterFiveSyntax

I.TraditionalGrammar（传统语法）

1.Intraditionalgrammar,asentenceisconsideredasequenceofwordswhichareclassifiedintopartsofspeech.

2.Sentencesareanalysedintermsofgrammaticalfunctionsofwords:

subjects,objects,predicatesandpredicator.

3.Nouns:

number,case,gender,countability

4.Verbs:

tense,aspect,voice

5.Agreementinnumber,personandgender

II.StructuralGrammar（结构主义语法）

1.ItwasfoundedbySaussure,whodistinguishesthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeakerandtheactualphenomenaordataoflinguisticsasLangue（语言）andparole（言语）.

2.Structuralgrammararoseoutofanattempttodeviatetraditionalgrammar.Itdealswiththeinter-relationshipsofdifferentgrammaticalunits.Intheconcernofstructuralgrammar,wordsarenotjustindependentgrammaticalunits,butareinter-relatedtooneanother.

3.Keyconcepts:

syntagmaticandparadigmatic（associative）relations（横组合关系和纵聚合关系/联想关系）,structureandsystem（结构与系统），immediateconstituentsanalysis（直接成分分析法），endocentricandexocentricconstructions（向心结构与离心结构）

III.Transformational-Generative（TG）Grammar（转换生成语法）

1.ItwasfoundedbyNoamChomsky,whobelievesthatlanguageissomewhatinnate------TheInnatenessHypothesis（天赋假说）andthatchildrenarebornwithaLanguageAcquisitionDevice（语言习得机制），whichconsistsofthreeelements:

ahypothesis-maker（假设标记），linguisticuniversal（语言普遍现象）andanevaluationprocedure（评估程序）。

2.Chomskydistinguishesalanguageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesandtheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituationasCompetence（语言能力）andPerformance（语言运用）.TGGrammartakestheidealspeaker’slinguisticcompetenceastheobjectofstudy.

3.TGGrammarhasexperiencedfivestagesofdevelopment:

theClassicalTheory,theStandardTheory,theExtendedStandardTheory,theRevisedExtendedStandardTheoryandtheMinimalistProgram.

IV.Systematic-FunctionalGrammar（系统功能语法）

1.ItwasfoundedbyM.A.K.Hallidayandtakesactualusesoflanguageastheobjectofstudy.

2.TheGrammarhastwocomponents:

SystematicGrammarandFunctionalGrammar.

3.Keyconcepts:

themeandrheme（主位和述位），communicativedynamism（交际动力），thethreemeta-functionsoflanguage------ideationalfunction（概念功能），interpersonalfunction（人际功能）andtexualfunction（文本功能）.

Summary

Schools

representatives

TheoriesandConcepts

1

Saussure

Languageisasystemofsigns.

StructuralGrammar

2

Chomsky

TGGrammar

ThePragueSchool

/

Synchroniclinguisticstudy

Languageisfunctional.

FunctionalSentencePerspective（FSP）

ThemeandRheme

TheLondonSchool

Firth

Hallidy

Theobjectoflinguisticsislanguageinactualuse.

Systematic-FunctionalGrammar

AmericanStructuralism

BoasandSapir

Bloomfield

Sapir-WhorfHypothesis

Behaviorisminlinguistics

ChapterSixSemantics

I.DefinitionofMeaning

II.G.Leechandhis7typesofmeaning:

Conceptualmeaning,Connotativemeaning,Socialmeaning,Affectivemeaning,Reflectedmeaning,CollocativemeaningandThematicmeaning.

III.Theconceptualview（概念主义观点）:

semantictriangle（语义三角）byOgden&Richards------SymbolorForm,Referent,andThoughtorReference.

IV.Contextualism（语境主义）：

tobasemeaningoncontext;arepresentativeofthisapproachwasJ.R.Firth.

V.Behaviorism（行为主义）:

themeaningofalanguageformisthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer;asupporterofthisapproachwasBloomfield,whowasaprinciplerepresentativeofAmericanStructuralism.

VI.KeyConcepts

1.Lexicalsenserelations（词汇含义关系）

Synonymy（同义关系）

Polysemy（一词多义）

Homonymy（同音或同形异义关系）

Hyponymy（上下义关系）

Antonymy（反义关系）

2.sententialsenserelations（语句含义关系）

Tautology（同义反复句）

Contradiction（自相矛盾句）

Inconsistency（矛盾关系）

Synonymousness（同义关系）

Entailment（衍推关系）

Presupposition（预设）

Semanticallyanomalousness（语义反常句）

ChapterSevenPragmatics语用学

I.SpeechActTheory（言语行为理论）

1.Thefirstmajortheoryinthestudyoflanguageinuse;

2.FoundedbyJohnLangshawAustin;

3.Themajorideaisthatthingscanbedonewithwords;

4.Twotypesofsentences：

performativeandConstative（行事话语与叙事话语）

5.TheoryoftheIllocutionary（行事行为理论）：

LocutionaryAct（言内行为），IllocutionaryAct（言外行为），PerlocutionaryAct（言后行为）

II.ConversationalImplicature（会话含义理论）

1.ProposedbyHerbertGrice;

2.TheCooperativePrinciples（合作原则）：

QuantityMaxim（数量准则）

QualityMaxim（质量准则）

RelationMaxim（关系准则）

MannerMaxim（方式准则）

Chapter1IntroductionstoLinguistics

I．Choosethebestanswer.

1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman__________.

A.contactB.communicationC.relationD.community

2.Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?

A.treeB.typewriterC.crashD.bang

3.Thefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade.”is__________.

A.interrogativeB.directiveC.informativeD.Performative

4.InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay“碎碎（岁岁）平安”asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform?

A.InterpersonalB.EmotiveC.PerformativeD.Recreational

5.Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?

A.TransferabilityB.DualityC.DisplacementD.Arbitrariness

6.Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?

—Aniceday,isn’tit?

—Right!

Ireallyenjoythesunlight.

A.EmotiveB.PhaticC.PerformativeD.Interpersonal

7.__________referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.

A.PerformanceB.CompetenceC.LangueD.Parole

8.Whenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itcouldn’tbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof__________.

A.culturaltransmissionB.productivityC.displacementD.duality

9.__________answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.

A.PsycholinguisticsB.Anthropologicallinguistics

C.SociolinguisticsD.Appliedlinguistics

10.__________