温州大学本科毕业设计论文外文翻译.docx

温州大学本科毕业设计论文外文翻译.docx

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温州大学本科毕业设计论文外文翻译

本科毕业设计（论文）

外文翻译

题目

高层建筑结构探索—住宅3

学院

建工学院

专　业

土木工程

班　　级

　　09土木本一

学　号

09……35

学生姓名

……

指导教师

……

温州大学教务处制

外文资料来源及题目

BuildingMaterialsSelectionandSpecification

Fae’qA.A.Radwan，sep.2010，第4卷，第9号（串行34号）杂志，ISSN1934.7359，美国土木工程及建筑协会.

译成中文后题目

建筑材料的选择和规格

指导教师审阅意见：

签名：

年月日

外文原文

BuildingMaterialsSelectionandSpecification

Fae'qA.A.Radwan

FacultyofEngineering,NearEastUniversity,KKTC,Lefkosa,Mersin10,Turkey

Abstract:

Thelimitationsintheselectionofthebuildingmaterialsandtothesustainabilityofanybuildingconstructionmaterialsthatcanbeusedarepresented.Thepracticesandtechniquesthatcanbeusedinreducingandminimizingtheenvironmentalimpactsofbuildingarediscussed.Recommendationsofusingsecondaryandrecycledmaterialsintheconstructionofbuildingsaregiven.Frameworkformethodsofassessmentofthesustainabilityinbuildingconstructionforenvironmentalperformanceispresented.

KeyWords:

Limitations,sustainability,environmentalimpacts,framework,climate.

1.IntroductionThereisanapparentlyunboundedrangeofpossibilitiesfortheselectionofbuildingmaterialsfortheconstructionofstructuresofalmostanyshapeorstature.Itsqualitywillaffectthestructurefunctionandlonglife,andrequirementsmaydifferwithclimate,soil,sitesize,andwiththeexperienceandknowledgeofthedesigner.Thefactorsthat,manufacturingprocesses,andthetransportationofthematerialstotheprojectsitetheenvironment.Theseincludethedisruptionofthebuildingoccupantsmanufacture,constructionofbuildingsandtheuseofbuildingmaterialsmakeasignificantenvironmentalimpactinternally,locallyandglobally.Butitisnoteasytodeliverinformationtomakeadequateinclusiondecisionsconsideringthewholelifecycleofabuilding.Decisionsonsustainablebuildingintegrateanumberofstrategiesduringthedesign,constructionandoperationofbuildingprojects.Selectionofsustainablebuildingmaterialsrepresentsanimportantstrategyinthedesignofabuilding.

2.Sustainability

Inrecentyears,theconceptofsustainabilitythesubjectofmuchdisputationbyacademicsandprofessionalsalike.In1987,theWorldConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopmentdefinedsustainabledevelopmentasdevelopmentthatmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds（WCED,1987）.Sustainabilitymustaddressecologicalimpacts,regardlessofconflictinginterpretationsoftheWCEDdefinition.

Agoodsustainableproductmustgiveasmuchsatisfactionaspossiblefortheuser.Ifnot,itwillbeunsuccessfulonthemarketandaneconomicfailure.

Itisalsoimportanttoinformpeopleastowhatbasisacertainproductisconsideredtobesustainableornotandwhytheyshouldbuyit[4-5].

Whendevelopinganewproduct,itisillustrativetomovebetweenthethreecornersEcology,EquityandEconomyinordertoobtainasuitablebalancesothateachcategorycanbefulfilledinthebestway.

·Ecology（environmentalprotection）.

·Equity（socialequity）.

·Economy（economicgrowth）.

2.1MaterialsSelectionandSustainability

Amongthenotabletechnologicaldevelopmentsofthe20thcenturythedevelopmentoftensofthousandsofnewmaterialsforuseinconstructionandengineering.Theconstructionindustrytothepointwhereitisaverylargeconsumerofenergyandmaterials.ConcernfortheenvironmentandtheimpactofactivityontheEarth'secologicalsystemsandtheenvironmentalconsequencesoftheiruse.Environmentalistsdioxidevalues,andsoon.Engineersmethodsforthechoiceofmaterials.Thesetechniqueswillbereviewedandexploredinanattempttoprovideanenvironmentally-aware,materialsselectionmethod-logyforuseinconstruction.

Strictly,thetermsustainablemeansthatsomethingiscapableofbeingsustainednotforanisthatifsomeprocesswhichusesmaterialsandenergyisdescribedassustainable,thenthematerialsandenergywhichareconsumedarecapableofbeingreplacedbynaturalorotherprocessesasfastastheyareconsumed.Inmanycasesmaterialsandenergyappeartobeconsumedatafasterratethantheyarebeingreplaced.However,tomakeajudgment,wewouldneedtoknowwhattherespectivesupplyandconsumptionratesareinotherwordsweneedsomequantitativeornumericalindextousessuchlargequantitiesofmaterials,ittheenvironment.Inordertoassessandevaluatesuchimpact,anumberofcriteriaorindicesdevisedbyeconomists,engineersandenvironmentalists,andthemoreimportantofthesearethefollowing[2].

2.2.1EmbodiedEnergy

Thisisquitesimplytheamountofenergyconsumedinmanufacturingaunitquantityofamaterial,anditisusuallyexpressedinkJkg.Itsvalueisdeterminedbytheefficiencyofthemanufacturingplant.Valuesrangefrom275GJtonneforaluminum（aDioxide

EmbodiedC02issimilartoembodiedenergy.ItistheweightofC02emittedduringmanufactureofunitweightofthematerial,andisusuallyexpressedaskgofC02perton.Again,thevaluewilldependupontheefficiencyofthemanufacturingplant[2].

2.2.3EcologicalRucksack

TheecologicalrucksackconceptwasdevisedasawayofassessingmaterialefficiencybyF.Schmidt一Bleek[6].Herecognizedthatmanytonnesofrawmaterialcouldbeextractedandprocessedtomakejustonekilogramofmaterial.Forexample,theenvironmentalrucksackfor

2.3RationalSelectionMethod

Therearevariousapproachestotheproblemofselectingmaterialsfromthetalktotheircolleagues,previous,similardesigns.Allthesearevalidapproaches,buttheymayresultinthespecificationofalessthanidealmaterialandoverall,alessthanoptimalsolutiontotheproblem[3-5].

Thebasisoftherationalselectionmethodsdevisedtodateisarecognitionthattheperformanceofacomponent,artifactorstructureislimitedbythepropertiesofthematerialsfromwhichitismade.Itwillberarefortheperformanceoftheitemtodependsolelyononematerialproperty;innearlyallcases,itisacombinationofproperties,whichisimportant.Togiveanexample,inlightweightdesign,strengthtoweightratioof,andstiffnesstoweightratioEpwillbeimportant.Ref.[3]thesemaps,eachclassofmaterialoccupiesafieldinmaterialpropertyspace,andsub-fieldsmapthespaceoccupiedbyindividualmaterials.

Thesematerialspropertychartsareveryinformation-richtheycarryalargeamountofinformationinacompactbutaccessibleform.Interestingly,theyrevealcorrelationsbetweenmaterialproperties,whichcancheckingandestimatingdata,andtheycanalsobeusedinperformanceoptimization,inamannersuchasthatsetoutasfollow.

Ifweconsiderthecompleterangeofmaterials,itimmediatelybecomesapparentthatforeachpropertyofanengineeringmaterialthereisacharacteristicrangeofvalues,andthisrangecanbeverylarge.Forexample,considerstiffness（Young'sModulusE）.Materialsrangefromjelly（verylowstiffness）uptodiamond（veryspanfivedecades（ordersofmagnitude）,

Anumberofconclusionscanbedrawn,including:

（1）ArationalselectionmethodsuchtheoneputforwardbyAshbyiscapableofincorporatingenvironmentalparameterssuchasembodiedenergyandC02ortheenvironmentalrucksackconcepts,therebymakingpossiblerationalselectionsbasedonenvironmentalconsiderations.

（2）Thismethodisnotassimpletouseastheenvironmentalpreferencemethodortheenvironmentalprofilesmethod.However,thisrationalmethodcouldbeusedtogeneratedatafortheenvironmentalprofilesandpreferencemethods.

（3）Theconstructionindustryneedstotakestepstobetterintegrateitselfintothematerialscycle.Thequantityofdemolitionwasteneedstobereduced,andmoreofitshouldberecycled.Tothisend,thebuildingdesignersneedtokeepfullrecordsofmaterialsofconstruction,andbuildingsneedtobedesignedforeasydismantlingattheendoftheirusefullives.

3.FoundationsandConstructionComponent

Inanyconsiderationofwhichbuildingmaterialsandalternativescanfeasiblybeintegratedintothefoundationsofalarge-scaledevelopmentthereareseverallimitationsthatmustbeconsidered.

Intermsoftheactualmaterialsthatmaybeused,therearethreemainlimitations.First,becauseofthelargescaleandisclimate.Inareaswithsub-zerowinterconditions,frost.Forthisreason,foundationsmustbedeepenoughtosupportthestructuredespiteanychangesinnear-surfacevolume;shallowfoundationswillbeinsufficientunlesscertaininnovativestepsaretaken.Thelimitationofclimatealsoinfluencesanydecisiononinsulatingfoundations.Finally,thereistheconsiderationofcost.Thisconsiderationisreliantonmaterialavailability,costperunit,andbuildingtechniquesandassociatedlabor.Forthesereasons,theonlymaterialsthatcanfeasiblybeusedareconcreteandsteel.Therefore,thealternativesforminimizingimpactliemoreinthemethodsofconstructionandanyrealisticstructuralchangesthatcanbemade.

Thethreemainfoundationcomponentsofconcrete,steel,andinsulationwillbeexaminedastheonlyreasonablematerialsfortheconstructionofabuildingwithlimitationssuchasthefoundations[1].

3.1Concrete

Itisthefundamentalcomponentofthefoundationconstruction,receivingthebuildingloadsthroughwallsorpostsanddistributesthemdownandoutwardsthroughthefootings.Concreteandcementgeneral）chemicalinertness[8].Thelifecycleconcernsofconcreteareasfollows.First,thereislandand,transportation,andmanufacture.Carbondioxideemissionsarealsoanegativeenvironmentalimpactacc