英语写作修辞手法FIGURESOFSPEECH.docx

英语写作修辞手法FIGURESOFSPEECH.docx

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英语写作修辞手法FIGURESOFSPEECH

课堂笔记<复习资料）

笔者：

大二学生就读于宁波工程学院

大学课程：

英语写作

任课老师：

黄忠伟

§FiguresOfSpeech

▲Simile.

○Whatisit?

·Clarifyandenhanceanimage.

○Patterns.

·Tenor+comparativeword+vehicle.

·Subject+comparativeword+reference.

·AistoBwhatCistoD.

○Examples.

·Readingistothemindwhatexerciseistothebody.b5E2RGbCAP

·Whatsculptureistoablockofmarble,educationistothesoul.p1EanqFDPw

·Ahomewithoutloveisnomorethanabodywithoutasoul.DXDiTa9E3d

·Loveandcoughcannotbehid.

·Truthandroseshavethornsaboutthem.

·Whoistoblamebuthertyrantofafather.

·Adoctormusthavetheheartofalionandahandofalady.RTCrpUDGiT

▲Metaphor.

○Pattern.

·AisB.

○Examples.

·Educationisnotthefillingofapail,butthelightingoffire.5PCzVD7HxA

·Theboywolfeddownthefood.

·Somebooksaretobetasted.

·Thepolicemanmovedmeoutofthesnackoftraffic.jLBHrnAILg

▲Metonymy.

○Whatisit?

·Onethingforanother。

association.

○Examples.

·Whatitlearnedinthecradleiscarriedtothegrave.xHAQX74J0X

·Shehastheeyeforthefairandthebeautiful.

·ScepterandCrown.

·ScytheandSpade.

▲Parody.

○Examples.

·Ihavenooutlook,butanuplook.Mypleaseinthesocietywasatthebottom.LDAYtRyKfE

·Afriendinneedisafriendtobeavoided.

·Fallinlove.

·Walkinlove.

·Wherethereisawill,thereisareality.（Original:

Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.>Zzz6ZB2Ltk

·Tolieornottolie------thedoctor'sdilemma.

▲Personification.

○Examples.

·Theraintothewindsaid./"YoupushandI'llpelt."dvzfvkwMI1

·Slangisalanguagethattakesoffitscoat,spitsonitshands,andgoestowork.rqyn14ZNXI

▲Onomatopoeia.

○Examples.

·Daisstartedlaughing.

·Daisstartedgigging.

▲Euphemism.

○Examples.

·Undertheweather.

·Joinone'sancestors.

·Advancedinage.

·Runone'sraces.

▲Hyperbole/Overstatement.

○Examples.

·Aseaoftroubles.

▲Understatement.

▲Parallelism.

○Examples.

·Sowasitwhenmylifebegan./SoisitnowIamaman./SobeitwhenIshallgrowold.EmxvxOtOco

▲Contrast.

○Examples.

·Letusnevernegotiateoutoffear,butletusneverfeartonegotiate.SixE2yXPq5

▲Antithesis.

○Examples.

·Givemeliberty,orgivemedeath.

·Thelifeofthewolfisthedeathofthelamb.

▲Oxymoron.

○Examples.

·Painfulpleasure.

·Livingdeath.

·Poorrichguys.

·Falselytrue.

·Shinedarkly.

·Love-haterelationship.

▲Pun.

○Examples.

·Wemusthangtogether,orweshallhangseparately.6ewMyirQFL

·Sevendayswithoutwatermakeoneweek.（week------weak>kavU42VRUs

·Makeyoureveryhelloarealgood-buy.（good-buy------good-bye>y6v3ALoS89

▲Zeugma.

○Examples.

·Sheopenedthedoorandherhearttothehomelessboy.M2ub6vSTnP

▲Allusion.

○Examples.

·TheheelofAchilles.

·Opensesame.

·Cinderella.

·Figleaf.

·TowerofBible.

▲Irony.

▲TransferredEpithet.

○Examples.

·Asleeplessbed.

·Adizzyheight.

·Asweetvoice.

·Aicylook.

▲Climax.

○Examples.

·Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.

▲Anticlimax.

○Examples.

·ForGod,forAmerica,andforYale.

▲Alliteration.

○Examples.

·Moneymakesthemarego.

·Prideandprejudice.

§Sentence

▲Unity.

○Onecentralidea.

▲Coherence.

○Subject-VerbAgreement.

○Run-onSentence.

○SentenceFragment.

○DanglingModifier.

○FaultyParallelism.

▲Conciseness.

○Unnecessarywords.

○Unnecessaryrepetition.

○Sentencestructure,

▲Emphasis.

○Shortsentence.

○Balancedsentence.

·Negative-positivestatements.

·Rhetoricalquestions.

·Climacticsequence.

·Subordination.

·Emphaticwordsorphases.

·Repeating.

·Theuseofverbs.

▲Variety.

■连贯性

○主、从句主语一致.

○单复数.

○时态.（intense.>

○语气（主、被动>.（invoice.>

○虚拟语气.

○祈使句：

一般省略的主语是YOU.改错时应注意主语.

○Emphasis:

theuseofverbs.（intheactivevoice。

short------strong.>0YujCfmUCw

·Makeadecision。

atthesightof.

·Decide。

see.

○写作：

长短句相间.appealtomen’ssenses.

▲Loose,PeriodicandBalancedSentences.

○ShedecidedtostudyEnglishthoughshewasinterestedinmusic.（松散句>eUts8ZQVRd

○Althoughshewasinterestedinmusic,shedecidedtostudyEnglish.（圆周句>sQsAEJkW5T

§Paragraph

Aparagraphisaunit.

▲Theform.

○首行缩进.

○纸张左右空白

○Donotbeginwitheverysentence.

○段落长短由内容决定.

▲Kinds.

○topical

○special

·introductory

·transitional

·conclusion

■Anintroductoryparagraphintroducesthesubject,narrowsitdown,andstatestheessay’sthesis.GMsIasNXkA

■IntroductionDos.

·Askaquestion.（Onequestion.>

·Relateanincident.

·Useavividquotation.

·Providebackground.

■Wecanbeginintheintroductoryparagraphwith

·Observation.

·Quotation.

·Ananalogycontrast.

·Aquestion.

·Arelevantstoryoranecdote.

·Aninterestingfactualstatementorpointofview.TIrRGchYzg

·Adefinition.

■FunctionsofConcludingParagraph.

·summarize.

·concise.

·welldeveloped.

■ConclusionDos.

·Strikeanoteofhopeordesire.

·Giveasymbolicorpowerfulfactordetail.

·Recommendacourseofaction.

·UseaQuotation.（noresearch.>

·Reflectontheimplicationsofthethesis.

·Drawaconclusionbasedupontheevidenceoftheessay.7EqZcWLZNX

■Wecanendintheconcludingparagraphwith

·Asignificantquotationwhichsupportsthethesis.lzq7IGf02E

·Aquestion.

·Aprophecyorawarning.

·Aforcefulrestatementofthethesisthroughtheuseofbalance,emphsisorotherrhetoricaldevices.zvpgeqJ1hk

·Ageneralization.

§NarratingAnEventOrARoutine

▲Whatisit?

○Tonarratemeanstotellaneventoraroutineasastory.NrpoJac3v1

○Thenarrativemaybepurelyfictionaloranaccountofsomerealexperience.1nowfTG4KI

▲Followingchronologicalorder.

▲Differentcharacteristicsofthetwokindsofnarrativewriting.fjnFLDa5Zo

○Aroutineparagraphcoversaseriesofactivitieswithouthavingtogointodetailsofeach.Andoneactivitymaynotberelatedtothenextone.Buttheparagraphdealingwithonlyoneeventconcentratesononestoryandweprovidealotdetailsforit.Besides,thereisusuallyacausalconnectionbetweenonedetailandanotherdetail.tfnNhnE6e5

○SincearoutineparagraphdescribeswhatpeopleregularlydoeverydayoreveryweekendorSunday,thepresenttenseshouldbeusedunlessitisapastroutine,butaone-eventparagraphtalksaboutsomethingthathappenedinthepast,sothepasttenseisused.HbmVN777sL

▲Topicsentence.

○Showthewriter'sattitude.

○Arousereaders'curiosity.

○Canbedevelopedwithoneincident.（forone-eventparagraph>V7l4jRB8Hs

▲Selectrelevantdetails.

▲Orderoforganizationandverbtense.

○Toachieveacoherentorganization,weshouldusetimeconnectorssuchas"when,""before,"and"after"toputsentencestogether.83lcPA59W9

§HowToWriteBiography

▲Whatisit?

○Alifestoryofanindividualbyanotherauthor.

○Thirdperson.

○Autobiography.

▲Kinds?

○Encyclopedia.

○Directoryoffamouspeople.

○Authorizedbiographies.

○

○Nonfictionbooks.

○Unauthorizedbiographies.

▲Biographiesanalyzeandinterprettheeventsinaperson'slife.mZkklkzaaP

▲Biographiesuseprimaryandsecondarysources.

▲Requirements.

○Startwiththeencyclopediaandalmanac.

○Thinkaboutwhatyouwanttoknow./Interview------preparesomequestions.AVktR43bpw

·Whatmakesthispersonfamousorattractive?

·Whatkindofeffectdidheorshehaveontheworld（orotherpeople>?

ORjBnOwcEd

·Whataretheadjectivesyouwouldmostlyusetodescribetheperson?

2MiJTy0dTT

·Examplesfromtheirlivesillustratethosequalities.gIiSpiue7A

·Events.

·Obstacles?

Risks?

Lucks?

·Wouldtheworldbebetterorworsewithouthim/her?

uEh0U1Yfmh

▲Typicalfeatures.

○Pasttense.

○Thirdperson.

○Keyincidentsofthepersons'livesarecounted.

○Chronologicalorderalsocontainotherpeople'views.IAg9qLsgBX

○Pictures.

○Abeginning/openingparagraph------summarize,impressive.WwghWvVhPE

○Amiddle------highlights.

○Anending------furtherinfluences.

▲Guidelinesforplanningandrevisingyourwork..

○Establishanappropriatevoice.

○Buildaconflict.

○Placethereaderinaparticularsetting.

○Providedescriptiveandsensorylanguage.

○Decidingonafocus.

§DescribingAPerson,AnObject,APlace[VOCABULARIES]asfpsfpi4k

▲Gooddescriptioncando.

○Readerscanreproducetheimageintheirmind.

○Readerscanrelivetheexperienceasiftheywerethere.ooeyYZTjj1

○Therefore,theycanbeaffectedemotionallybythedescriptivewords.BkeGuInkxI

▲Describingpeople.

○Twomajoraspects:

appearanceandpersonality.

○Thetopicsentenceshowsthewriter'sattitudeorimpressionoftheperson.PgdO0sRlMo

○Thetopicsentencemustcontainanideatobedevelopedinaparagraph,ratherthansentenceoffacts.3cdXwckm15

○Specificanddescriptivedetailsratherthanjustgeneralremarks.h8c52WOngM

▲Describinganobject.

○Theappearanceofanobjectusuallycoversitsshape,measurements,color,smell,material,textureofsurface,etc.v4bdyGious

○Besidestheappearanceofanobject,wealsodescribeitsvalue,quality,anduse.J0bm4qMpJ9

○Canbeeitherwithorwithoutpersonalfeelings.

○Thetopicsentenceshowsthewriter'sattitudeorimpressionoftheperson.XVauA9grYP

○Thetopicsentencemustcontainanideatobedevelopedinaparagraph,ratherthansentenceoffacts.bR9C6TJscw

○Specificanddescriptivedetailsratherthanjustgeneralremarks.pN9LBDdtrd

○Sentencesaretobeorganizedinspatialorder.

▲Describingaplace.

○Tone.

·Objective:

withoutmuchofpersinalfeelings.

·Subjective:

withstrongfeelings.

○Thetopicsentenceindicateswhatisgoingtobedescribed,whatthewritter’sattitudeis,andwhatdominantimpressiontheparagraphistomake.DJ8T7nHuGT

○Usedescriptivedetails.

○Whenwedescribeaplace,weshouldnotonlymakeclearwherethingsarelocated,butalsowhattheyarelike.QF81D7bvUA

○Onlywhentheseobjectsarepresentedinproperapatialrelationshiptoeachother,doesthedescriptionachieve