Presentations and Public Speaking in EnglishWord下载.docx
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Objective
Beforeyoustarttoprepareapresentation,youshouldask
yourself:
"
WhyamImakingthispresentation?
"
Doyouneedto
inform,topersuade,totrainortosell?
Yourobjectiveshouldbe
clearinyourmind.Ifitisnotclearinyourmind,itcannot
possiblybecleartoyouraudience.
Audience
WhoamImakingthispresentationto?
Sometimesthiswillbe
obvious,butnotalways.Youshouldtrytoinformyourself.How
manypeople?
Whoarethey?
Businesspeople?
Professional
people?
Politicalpeople?
Expertsornon-experts?
Willitbea
small,intimategroupof4colleaguesoralargegatheringof400
competitors?
Howmuchdotheyknowalreadyandwhatwillthey
expectfromyou?
Venue
WhereamImakingthispresentation?
Inasmallhotel
meeting-roomoralargeconferencehall?
Whatfacilitiesand
equipmentareavailable?
Whataretheseatingarrangements?
Timeandlength
WhenamImakingthispresentationandhowlongwillitbe?
Willitbe5minutesor1hour?
Justbeforelunch,whenyour
audiencewillbehungry,orjustafterlunch,whenyouraudience
willbesleepy?
Method
HowshouldImakethispresentation?
Whatapproachshould
youuse?
Formalorinformal?
Lotsofvisualaidsoronlyafew?
Willyouincludesomeanecdotesandhumourforvariety?
Content
WhatshouldIsay?
Nowyoumustdecideexactlywhatyou
wanttosay.First,youshouldbrainstormyourideas.Youwillno
doubtdiscovermanyideasthatyouwanttoincludeinyour
presentation.Butyoumustbeselective.Youshouldincludeonly
informationthatisrelevanttoyouraudienceandyourobjective.
Youshouldexcludeallotherideas.Youalsoneedtocreateatitle
foryourpresentation(ifyouhavenotalreadybeengivenatitle).
Thetitlewillhelpyoutofocusonthesubject.Andyouwill
prepareyourvisualaids,ifyouhavedecidedtousethem.But
remember,ingeneral,lessisbetterthanmore(alittleisbetter
thanalot).Youcanalwaysgiveadditionalinformationduring
thequestionsafterthepresentation.
Structure
Awellorganisedpresentationwithaclearstructureiseasierfor
theaudiencetofollow.Itisthereforemoreeffective.Youshould
organisethepointsyouwishtomakeinalogicalorder.Most
presentationsareorganisedinthreeparts,followedby
questions:
BeginningShortintroduction·
welcomeyouraudience
·
introduceyoursubject
explainthestructureofyour
presentation
explainrulesforquestions
MiddleBodyof
presentthesubjectitself
EndShortconclusion·
summariseyourpresentation
thankyouraudience
invitequestions
QuestionsandAnswers
Notes
Whenyougiveyourpresentation,youshouldbe-orappearto
be-asspontaneousaspossible.Youshouldnotreadyour
presentation!
Youshouldbesofamiliarwithyoursubjectand
withtheinformationthatyouwanttodeliverthatyoudonot
needtoreadatext.Readingatextisboring!
Readingatextwill
makeyouraudiencegotosleep!
Soifyoudon'
thaveatextto
read,howcanyouremembertosayeverythingyouneedtosay?
Withnotes.Youcancreateyourownsystemofnotes.Some
peoplemakenotesonsmall,A6cards.Somepeoplewritedown
justthetitleofeachsectionoftheirtalk.Somepeoplewrite
downkeywordstoremindthem.Thenoteswillgiveyou
confidence,butbecauseyouwillhavepreparedyour
presentationfully,youmaynotevenneedthem!
Rehearsal
Rehearsalisavitalpartofpreparation.Youshouldleave
timetopractiseyourpresentationtwoorthreetimes.Thiswill
havethefollowingbenefits:
youwillbecomemorefamiliarwithwhatyouwanttosay
youwillidentifyweaknessesinyourpresentation
youwillbeabletopractisedifficultpronunciations
youwillbeabletocheckthetimethatyourpresentation
takesandmakeanynecessarymodifications
Soprepare,prepare,prepare!
Prepareeverything:
words,
visualaids,timing,equipment.Rehearseyourpresentation
severaltimesandtimeit.Isittherightlength?
Areyou
completelyfamiliarwithallyourillustrations?
Aretheyinthe
rightorder?
Doyouknowwhotheaudienceis?
Howmany
Howwillyouanswerdifficultquestions?
Doyouknow
theroom?
Areyouconfidentabouttheequipment?
Whenyou
haveansweredallthesequestions,youwillbeaconfident,
enthusiasticpresenterreadytocommunicatethesubjectofyour
presentationtoaneageraudience.
Equipment
Easilyyourmostimportantpieceof
equipmentis...YOU!
Makesureyou'
re
infullworkingorder,andcheckyour
personalpresentationcarefully-ifyou
don'
t,youraudiencewill!
Theoverheadprojector(OHP)displays
overheadtransparencies(OHTsorOHPTs).It
hasseveraladvantagesoverthe35mmslide
projector:
itcanbeusedindaylight
theusercanfacetheaudience
theusercanwriteordrawdirectlyonthe
transparencywhileinuse
Thewhiteboard(morerarelyblackboardor
greenboard)isausefuldeviceforspontaneouswriting-as
inbrainstorming,forexample.Forpreparedmaterial,the
OHPmightbemoresuitable.
Thedusterisusedforcleaningthewhiteboard.Itisessential
thatthedusterbecleantostartwith.Youmayconsidercarrying
yourowndusterjustincase.
Markersareusedforwritingonthewhiteboard(delible-
youcanremovetheink)orflipchart(indelible-youcannot
removetheink).Theyareusuallyavailableinblue,red,
blackandgreen.Again,it'
sagoodideatocarryasparesetofmarkersincase
youaregivensomeusedoneswhichdonotwritewell.
Agoodworkmanneverblameshistools."
Theflipchartconsistsofseveralleavesofpaperthatyou'
flip'
or
turnover.Somepeopleprefertheflipcharttothewhiteboard,but
itsuseislimitedtosmallerpresentations.
TheSlideprojector-whichmustbe
usedinadarkenedroom-addsacertain
drama.Someslideprojectorscanbe
synchronisedwithaudioforaudio-visual
(AV)presentations.Theseprojectorsaretypicallyusedforlargerpresentations.
Themajoritytake35mmslidesortransparencies(asseenhere),butprojectors
for6x6cmslidesarealsoavailable.
Transparenciesareprojectedbyanoverheadprojectororaslide
projectorontoascreen-inthiscaseafoldingscreenwhichcan
bepackedupandtransported.
Thenotebookcomputerisincreasinglybeingusedtodisplay
graphicsduringpresentations.Itisoftenusedinconjunction
withanoverheadprojector,whichactuallyprojectstheimage
fromthecomputerscreenontothewallscreen.
Handoutsareanydocumentsorsamplesthatyou'
handout'
distributetoyouraudience.Notethatitisnotusuallyagoodidea
todistributehandoutsbeforeyourpresentation.Theaudiencewill
readthehandoutsinsteadoflisteningtoyou.
Delivery
'
Delivery'
referstothewayinwhichyouactuallydeliveror
performorgiveyourpresentation.Deliveryisavitalaspectofall
presentations.Deliveryisatleastasimportantascontent,
especiallyinamulti-culturalcontext.
Nerves
Mostspeakersarealittlenervousatthebeginningofa
presentation.Soitisnormalifyouarenervous.Theansweristo
payspecialattentiontothebeginningofyourpresentation.
Firstimpressionscount.Thisisthetimewhenyouestablish
arapportwithyouraudience.Duringthistime,trytospeak
slowlyandcalmly.Youshouldperhapslearnyourintroduction
byheart.Afterafewmoments,youwillrelaxandgain
confidence.
AudienceRapport
Youneedtobuildawarmandfriendlyrelationshipwithyour
audience.Enthusiasmiscontagious.Ifyouareenthusiastic
youraudiencewillbeenthusiastictoo.Andbecarefulto
establisheyecontactwitheachmemberofyouraudience.Each
personshouldfeelthatyouarespeakingdirectlytohim
orher.Thismeansthatyoumustlookateachpersoninturn
-inasnaturalawayaspossible.Thiswillalsogiveyouthe
opportunitytodetectsignsofboredom,disinterestoreven
disagreement,allowingyoutomodifyyourpresentationas
appropriate.
Yourobjectiveistocommunicate!
BodyLanguage
Whatyoudonotsayisatleastasimportantaswhatyoudosay.
Yourbodyisspeakingtoyouraudienceevenbeforeyouopen
yourmouth.Yourclothes,yourwalk,yourglasses,yourhaircut,
yourexpression-itisfromthesethatyouraudienceformsits
firstimpressionasyouentertheroom.Generallyspeaking,itis
bettertostandratherthansitwhenmakingapresentation.Be
awareofandavoidanyrepetitiveandirritatinggestures.Be
aware,too,thatthemovementofyourbodyisoneofyour
methodsofcontrol.Whenyoumovetoorfromthewhiteboard,
forexample,youcanmovefastorslowly,raisingorre