英语词汇学总结复习资料.docx

英语词汇学总结复习资料.docx

《英语词汇学总结复习资料.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语词汇学总结复习资料.docx（36页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

英语词汇学总结复习资料

　　大家请注意：

笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。

其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。

区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。

　　第一章BasicConceptsofWordsandVocabulary

　　1.词的定义Word——Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.

　　2.声音与意义的关系Thereisnologicalrelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningasthesymbolicconnectionbetweenthemisarbitraryandconventional.E.g.“woman”means’Frau’inGerman，’Femme’inFrenchand’Funv’inChinese.Ontheotherhand，thesamesound/rait/canmeanright，riteandwrite，thoughdenotingdifferentthings，yethavethesamesound.

　　3.读音与拼写不一致的原因Thedifferencebetweensoundandformresultfrom4majorfactors.

　　（Atleast80%oftheEnglishwordsfitconsistentspellingpatterns）

　　a）.theinternalreasonisEnglishalphabetdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguage.

　　b）.Pronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspelling

　　c）.Influenceoftheworkofscribes/printingfreezesthespellingofwordsin1500

　　d）.Borrowingofforeignlanguage

　　4.词汇的含义Vocabulary——Vocabularyismostcommonlyusedtorefertothesumtotalofallthewordsofalanguage.Itcanalsorefertoallthewordsofagivendialect，agivenbook，agivendisplineandallthewordspossessedbyanindividualpersonaswellasallthewordscurrentinaparticularperiodoftimeinhistory.

　　ThegeneralestimateofthepresentdayEnglishvocabularyisover1millionwords.

5.词汇的分类的原则ClassificationofWords—byusefrequency，bynotion，byorigin

theEnglishvocabularyconsistofwordsofallkinds.theycanbeclassifiedbydifferentcriteriaandfordifferentpurpose.wordsmayfallintothewordstockandnonbasicvocabularybyusefrequency,intocontentwordsandfunctionalwordsbynotion,andintonativewordsandborrowedwordsbyorigin.

基本词汇的特点

　　1）.Basicwordstock–thefoundationofthevocabulary.

　　1.allnationalcharacter（mostimportant）–naturalphenomena

　　mostcommonthingsandphenomenaofthehumanbodyandrelations

　　worldaroundusnamesofplantsandanimals　action，size，domain，state　　numerals，pronouns，prep.，conj.

　　2.stability–theydonatethecommonestthingnecessarytolife，theyareliketoremainunchanged.Onlyrelative，someareundergoingsomechanges.Butthechangeisslow.

　　e.g.arrow，bow，chariot，knight–past　　electricity，machine，car，plane——now

　　3.productivity–theyaremostlyrootwordsormonosyllabicwords，theycanformnewwordswithotherrootsandaffixes.

　　e.g.foot–football，footage，footpath，footer

　　4.polysemy–oftenpossessmorethanonemeaning.Becomepolysemous.

　　e.g.taketomoveorcarryfromoneplacetoanother　　toremove

5.collocability–quiteanumberofsetexpressions，idiomaticusages，proverbialsayingandothers

基本词汇在英语中的地位和重要性

Thebasicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.thoughwordsofthebasicwordstockconstituteasmallpercentageoftheEnglishvocabulary,yetitisthemostimportantpartofit.

　　e.g.heart–achangeofheart，aheartofgold

　　Non-basicvocabulary——（例子）

　　1.terminology–technicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareasasinmedicine

　　photoscanning，hepatitis，indigestion，penicillin，algebra，trigonometry，calculus

　　2.jargon–specializedvocabularyincertainprofessions.

　　Bottomline，ballparkfigures，bargainingchips，holdhimback，holdhimin，paranoid

　　3.slang——substandardwordsoftenusedininformaloccasions

　　doughandbread，grassandpot，beaver，smoky，bear，catch，holler，Roger，X-rays，

　　Certainwordsarelabeledslangbecauseoftheirusage.

　　4.argot–wordsusedbysub-culturedgroups

　　can-opener，dip，persuader　　cant，jargon，argotareassociatedwith，ormostavailableto，specificgroupsofthepopulation.

　　5.dialectalwords–onlybyspeakersofthedialect

　　beauty，chook，cocky，station，auld，build，coo，hame，lough，bog

　　6.archaisms–wordsnolongerincommonuseorrestrictedinuse.Inolderpoems，legaldocumentandreligiouswritingorspeech.

　　7.neologism–newlycreatedwordswithnewmeaninge.g.microelectronics，futurology，AIDS，internet，E-mail

　　oldmeaningacquirednewmeaninge.g.mouse，monitor

2）.Contentword（notionalword）–denoteclearnotions.

　　Functionalword（emptyword，formword）–donothavenotionsoftheirown，expresstherelationbetweennotions，wordsandsentences.

　　a.ContentwordsconstitutethemainbodyoftheEnglishvocabularyarenumerous.

　　Functionalwordsareinasmallnumber.

　　b.Contentwordsaregrowing.

　　Functionalwordsremainstable.

　　c.Functionalwordsdofarmoreworkofexpressionthancontentwords.

　　3）.Nativewords–arewordsbroughttoBritaininthe15centurybytheGermantribes.Ango-SaxonWords，50，000-60，000

　　Whatistrueofthebasicwordstockisalsotrueofnativeworld.Moreare

　　1.neutralinstyle（notstylisticalspecific）

　　2.2.frequentinuse（inacademicfieldsandscienceFrench，LatinorGreekareused）（usage70-90%）

Borrowedwords（loanwords，borrowing）–wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguage.80%

本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性

Nativewordsformthemainstreamofthebasicwordstockandstandatthecoreofthelanguage.therefore,whatistrueofthebasicwordstockisalsotrueofnativewords.

　　Accordingtothedegreeofassimilationandmannerofborrowing，wecanbringtheloanwordsunder4classes.

　　1.Denizens–wordsborrowedearlyandnowarewellassimilatedintoEnglishlanguage.

　　e.g.portfromportus（L）shift，change，shirt，pork　cupfromcuppa（L）

　　2.Aliens–retainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling

　　e.g.décor（F）blitzkreeg（G）emir，intermez，rowtow，bazaar，rajar，statusquo

　　3.translationloans–formedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.

　　1）.Wordtranslatedaccordingtothemeaning

　　e.g.mothertoughfromlinguamaternal（L）　　blackhumorfromhumornoir　　longtimenosee，surplusvalue，masterpiece

　　2）.Wordstranslatedaccordingtothesound

　　e.g.kulakfromkyrak（Russ）　　lamafromlama（Tib）　ketchup　　tea

　　4.Semanticloans–theirmeaningareborrowedfromanotherlanguage

　　e.g.stupidolddump　newsassy　　dreamoldjoyandpeace　　pioneeroldexplorer/persondoingpioneeringwork　　newamemberoftheyoungpioneer　　fresholdimpertinent，sassy，cheeky

　　第二章TheDevelopmentoftheEnglish

　　1、Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily（Europe，theNearEast，India）

　　ItcanbegroupedintoanEasternset:

Balto–Slavic、Indo-Iranian、　ArmenianandAlbanian;aWesternset:

Celtic、Italic、Hellenic、Germanic

IntheEasternset,ArmenianandAlbanianareeachtheonlymodernlanguagerespectively

theBalto–SlaviccomprisessuchmodernlanguagesuchasPrussian、Lithuanian、Polish、Czech、Bulgarian、Slovenian、Russian.IntheIndo-IranianwehavePersian,Bengali,Hindi,Romany,thelastthreeofwhicharederivedfromthedeadlanguageSanskrit.

IntheWesternset,GreekisthemodernlanguagederivedfromHellenic.IntheCeltic,wefindScottish,Irish,Welsh,Breton.thefiveRomancelanguage,namely,Portuguese,Spanish,French,Italian,RoumanianallbelongtotheItalicthroughanintermediatelanguagecalledLatin.TheGermanicfamilyconsistofthefourNorthernEuropeanlanguage:

Norwegian,Icelandic,DanishandSwedish,whicharegenerallyknownasScandinavianlanguages.ThenthereisGerman,Dutch,FlemishandEnglish.

2、History（时间，历史事件，特征）

　　1）OldEnglish（450-1150）totally50，000-60，000words

　　The1stpeopleknowntoinhabitEnglandwereCelts，thelanguagewasCeltic.　ThesecondlanguagewastheLatinoftheRomanLegions.TheGermanictribescalledangles，SaxonsandJutesandtheirlanguage，Anglo-SaxondominatedandblottedouttheCeltic.NowpeoplerefertoAnglo-SaxonasoldEnglish.Attheendof6thcentury，theintroductionofChristianityhasagreatimpactontheEnglishvocabulary.Thecommonpracticewastocreatenewwordsbycombiningtwonativewords.Inthe9thcentury，manyScandinavianwordscameintoEnglish.Atleast900wordsofScandinavianareinmodernEnglish，ourdailylifeandspeech.

　　特点：

highlyinflectedlanguage///　complexendingsorvowelchanges（fullending）

2）MiddleEnglish（1150-1500）English，Latin，French

　　Until1066，althoughtherewereborrowingsfromLatin，theinfluenceonEnglishwasmainlyGermanic.ButtheNormanConqueststartedacontinualflowofFrenchwordsintoEnglish.

　　Bytheendofthe13thcentury，Englishgraduallycomebackintopublicareas.

　　Between1250and150about9000wordsofFrenchoriginpoueredintoEnglish.75%ofthemaretillinusetoday.

　　Asmanyas2500wordsofDutchorigincomeintoEnglish.　　特点：

fewerinflections　leveledending

　　3）ModernEnglish（1500-uptonow）earlymodernEnglish（1500-1700）

　　latemodernEnglish（1700-uptonow）

TheRenaissance（theearlyperiod），LatinandGreekwererecognizedasthelanguagesoftheWesternworld’sgreatliteraryheritage.

Fromthe1500’sthroughthe1700’s,manywritersexperimentedwithwords.Over10000newwordsenteredtheEnglishlanguage.manyoftheseweretakenfromLatinandGreek.

　　TheIndustrialRevolutionwasinthemid-17century.Withthegrowthofcolonization，Britishtentaclesbeganastretchingoutoftoeverycorneroftheglobe，thusenablingEnglishtoabsorbwordsfromallmajorlanguagesoftheworld.

　　AfterWorldWarII，manynewwordshavebeencreatedtoexpressnewideas，inventionsandscientificachievements.

　　Morewordsarecreatedbymeansofword-formation.

　　thousandsandthousandsofnewwordshavebeenenteredtoexpressnewideasinventions，andscientificachievements.

　　morewordsarecreatedby