语言学期末考试考点一览doc.docx

语言学期末考试考点一览doc.docx

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语言学期末考试考点一览doc

Chapter1Linguistics

考点1：

定义（选择题或填空题）

Language:

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

▲Languagedistinguisheshumanbeingsfromanimalsbecauseitisfarmoresophisticatedthananyanimalcommunicationsystem.

Linguistics:

thescientificstudyofhumanlanguages.

Itstudiesnotjustonelanguageofanyonesociety,butthelanguageofallhumanbeings.（判断题）

★注：

语言学研究的是所有人类的语言，并不是局限于如英语等某一门语言。

Languageisvocal

1）Theprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound.

2）Writingsystemscameintobeingmuchlaterthanthespokenforms.

Wordisthesmallestunitthatcanbeused,byitself,asacompleteutterance.

词是能够独立构成一个完整语句的最小单位

考点2：

Designfeatures语言的定义特征（分析大题）

Designfeatures:

thedistinctivefeaturesofhumanlanguagethatessentiallymakehumanlanguagedistinguishablefromlanguagesofanimals.（定义填空题）

▲语言的四个Designfeatures也是区别人类语言好动物语言的特征

A、Arbitrariness任意性

Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.

语言形式的符号与所表示的意义无天然的联系。

Differentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.

（语素音义关系的任意性）

Arbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevel:

languageisnotarbitraryatthesyntacticlevel.

（语言在句法层面是非任意性）【判断题】

Thelinkbetweenalinguisticsignanditsmeaningisamatterofconvention.

语言的形式和意义的连接是约定俗成，即规约性

★任意性具有两个层面，而非anylevel!

!

!

（判断题）

Arbitrariness→Makeslanguagepotentiallycreative

language

convention→Makeslanguagesystematic

B、Duality双重性，二元性

Humanlanguageisproductiveorcreativeduetodualityandrecursiveness（递归性）.（填空题）

Thestructuralorganizationoflanguageintotwoabstractlevels:

♦Atthelowerlevel（thesecondarylevel）:

meaningfulunits

♦Atthehigherlevel（theprimarylevel）:

meaninglesssegments

Expressionofduality:

♦1.Combinemeaninglesssoundsintomeaningfullinguisticunits

♦2.Combinesmallunitsintobigunits

C、Creativity创造性

Languageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Wecanuseittocreatenewmeanings.（recursesentence）

Recursiveness：

itreferstotherulewhichcanbeappliedrepeatedlywithoutdefinitelimit.

D、Displacement移位性

Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent（intimeandspace）atthemomentofcommunication.（定义填空题）

移位性指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的物体，时间或观点。

动物语言与人类语言移位性的表现（判断题）

Suchanimalsareunder“immediatestimuluscontrol”.Humanlanguageis,onthecontrary,stimulusfree.（动物语言会受到直接刺激控制）

Ourlanguageenablesustocommunicateaboutthingsthatdonotexistordonotyetexist.

考点3：

FunctionsofLanguage语言的功能

A、Theinformativefunction（信息功能）

Informativefunction:

themajorroleoflanguage; languageistheinstrumentofthoughtandpeopleoftenuseittocommunicatenewinformation.

B、InterpersonalFunction（人际功能）

InterpersonalFunction:

themostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguage,bywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.

eg:

DearSir,DearProfessor,Johnny,yours,yourobedientservant…等表称呼的

C、Theperformativefunction（施事功能）:

Theperformativefunction:

Thismeanspeoplespeakto“dothings”orperformactions.

用说话表示行为

D、Theemotivefunction（情感功能）:

Theemotivefunction:

oneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitiscrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.

□标志性语句：

swearword（誓言）、obscenities（侮辱之词）、involuntaryverbalreactionstoapieceofartorscenery、conventionalwords/phrases,eg:

–God,Damnit,Whatasight,Wow,Ugh我的妈呀，老天爷啊，晕

E、Phaticcommunion（寒暄功能）

Theuseoflanguagetoestablishanatmosphereormaintainingsocialcontact.

♦E.g.Greetings,Farewells,andCommentsontheweather,etc.

F、Therecreationalfunction（娱乐功能）

Theuseoflanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit

–suchasababy‘sbabblingorachanter’schanting.

G、Metalingualfunction（元语言功能）

Metalingualfunction：

ourlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself,talkingabouttalkandthinkingaboutthinking.

–Tobehonest;onsecondthought;totellyouthetruth;asamatteroffact;thatistosay;

–Suchexpressionsareusedmostfrequentlywhenwewanttoexpatiatethemeaningofformerclausesinanotherwayinargumentation.

♦Itmakesthelanguageinfinitelyself-reflexive（自我反身性）

考点4：

MainbranchesofLinguistics（考查定义！

！

！

）

•1.Sound→phonetics语音

•2.Sounds→phonology音系学

•3.Word→morphology形态学

•4.Words/sentence→syntax句法学

•5.Meaning→semantics语义学

•6.Meaninginacontext→pragmatics语用学（languageinuse）

Macrolinguistics（微观语言学）

Psycholinguistics心里语言学Sociolinguistics社会语言学

考点5：

distinctionsinlinguistics

A、Descriptivevs.Prescriptive描述性与规定性

PeoplesayX.Descriptive（Todescribethelinguisticfactsobserved）

Don’t’sayX.Prescriptive（Tolaydownrulesfor“correct”linguisticbehavior）

ModernlinguisticsismostlyDescriptive.现代语言学更多的是描述某些现象

TraditionEnglishbelongstoPrescriptive.古代英语则有许多条条框框

B、Synchronicvs.diachronic共时性与历时性（判断题）

Asynchronic（共时的）description,thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintime,takesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation（staticstate）.

◦AGrammarofModernGreek;

◦TheStructureofShakespeare’sEnglish

◦EnglishExamined:

TwoCenturiesofCommentontheMother-Tongue.

◦ProteanShape:

AStudyinEighteenth-centuryVocabularyandUsage.

◦TheCategoriesandTypesofPresent-DayEnglishWord-Formation.

Diachronic（历时的）:

thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.（dynamicstate）

◦Pejorative（轻蔑语）SenseDevelopmentinEnglish

◦PejorativeSenseDevelopmentinEnglish.

C、Langue&parole语言和言语

Langue（language）:

说话者的语言能力thegeneralizedrulesoflanguage

Parole（speaking）:

语言上的实际表现theapplicationofrules

D、Competenceandperformance

Competence:

theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage（语言能力）

Performance:

theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations（语言运用）

Langue-parole

Competence-performance

Langueisasocialproductandasetofconventionsforacommunity

Saussurelooksatlanguagefromasociologicalorsociolinguisticpointofview

Competenceisdeemedasapropertyofthemindofeachindividual

N.Chomskydealswithhisissuespsychologicallyorpsycholinguistically.

Wordsarethemoststableofalllinguisticunits,inrespectoftheirinternalstructure.

就词的内部结构而言，词是所有语言单位中最稳定的。

Chapter2Speechsound

Whatarethethreecavitiesofthevocaltract?

Thepharyngealcavity:

咽腔Theoralcavity:

口腔Thenasalcavity:

鼻腔

G:

velar（软腭音）:

舌后部抬升抵住软腭所发出的音[k][g][ŋ][w]

•[k]asin‘cat’[g]asin‘get’[ŋ]asin‘sing’[w]asin‘wet’

前元音：

由舌的前部发出舌尖抵下齿，舌前部向硬腭抬起[i:

][i][e][æ]

考点1：

Consonants辅音Vowels元音

左边：

voiceless右边：

voiced

Stop 爆破音Nasal 鼻音Fricative 摩擦音 Lateral 边音Affricate 塞擦音

会描述辅音，（填空题中找出两个辅音共同的特点）

eg:

[p]voicelessbilabialstop

[b]voicedbilabialstop

他们的共同特点是都具有bilabialstop

考点2：

元音的描述

ClassificationofRPandGApurevowels参见P36

Front

Central

Back

Ungrounded

Rounded

Ungrounded

Tense

Lax

Tense

Lax

Tense

Lax

Tense

Lax

High

Mid

Low

Eg :

love[∧]midbacklaxungroundedvoel

考点：

会判断broadtranscription宽式音标与narrowtranscription严式音标的区别

eg :

peak[pi:

k]broadtranscription[pʰi:

k]narrowtranscription

考点：

Minimalpairs（最小对立体）

Fourrequirementsforidentifyingminimalpairs:

1）Theyhavethesamenumberofsoundsegments.a.彼此的语音数量相等*（dipdisk）

2）Theyaredifferentinmeaning.b.彼此的意义不同

3）Theydifferonlyinonesoundsegment.c.彼此仅存在一个语音的差异*（bitbad）

4）Thedifferentsoundsoccurinthesamepositioninthestrings.d.语音差异出现在同一位置上

●pill/bill;pill/till;till/kill;kill/dill/;dill/gill

●cut/but;big/peg;peak/leap

考点：

Phones（音素）

Phone:

aphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.

Allophones:

variationinthepronunciationofphonemesindifferentpositions.

Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.

Theminimaldistinctivespeechsounds--Phonemes

Variantsofaphonemearecalledallophonesofthesamephoneme.thenon-distinctivespeechsounds

Tworequirementsforphonestofallintothesamephoneme:

满足allophones的两个条件：

1）allophonesofthesamephonemeshouldbeincomplementarydistribution.必须形成互补关系

/l/[l]/______V（clearl）eg:

lead

[l]/V______（darkl）eg:

feel

●Notallthephones（sounds）incomplementarydistributionareconsideredtobeallophonesofthesamephoneme----

●theyhavenophoneticsimilarity.（成互补分布的不一定都属于同一音位）

2）theymustbearphoneticsimilarity.发音近似

考点：

Assimilation（同化）

（1）withinasyllable音节内P42ex.2-1---2-3

can[kæn][æ][æ]/___[+nasal]nasalization鼻音化

tenth[tɛnθ][n][n]/___[+dental]dentalization齿音化

sink[sɪŋk][n][ŋ]/___[+velar]velarization软腭化

（2）Acrosssyllables跨音节P43ex.2-4

pan[ŋ]cake

n→ŋ[k]velar

sun[ŋ]glasses

n→ŋ[g]velar

（3）Acrosswordboundaries跨过词的界限P43ex.2-5

Youcan[ŋ]keepthemHecan[ŋ]gonow

n→ŋ[k]velarn→ŋ[g]velar

Chapter3Morphology

考点1：

定义！

Morphology形态学:

thestudyofword-formation,ortheinternalstructureofwords,ortherulesbywhichwordsareformedfromsmallercomponents：

Morphemes

Morphemes（语素）：

Thesmallestmeaningfulcomponentsofwords.

【smallestunitthatcarriesmeaning】

Phoneme（词素）:

【smallestunitthatcandistinguishmeaning】

考点2：

词素的分类

A、intermsoftheircapacityofoccurringalone

Freemorphemes自由语素

Boundmorphemes黏着语素

B、Poly-morphemicwordsotherthancompoundsmaybedividedintorootsandaffixes.

•rootthepartleftwhenalltheaffixesareremoved词根

•stemthepartleftwhenacertainaffixisremoved词干

•affixthepartwhichisattachedtootherwords;usuallyboundmorphemes词缀

C、Inflectionalmorphemes曲折词Derivationalmorphemes派生词