语言学教程第四版第二章胡壮麟主编.docx

语言学教程第四版第二章胡壮麟主编.docx

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语言学教程第四版第二章胡壮麟主编

Chapter2

Speechsounds

Contents

•Howsoundsaremade?

•Consonantsandvowels

•Phonologicalprocesses,phonologicalrulesanddistinctivefeatures

•Suprasegmentals超音段

•Twomajorareasforstudyingspeechsounds:

phoneticsandphonology

•Phonetics:

itstudieshowspeechsoundsaremade,transmittedandperceived.

•Threebranchesofphonetics:

•Articulatoryphonetics发声语音学isthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.

•Acousticphonetics声学语音学isthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech.

Auditoryphonetics听觉语音学isconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds

•Phonology：

itdealswiththesoundsystemofalanguagebytreatingphoneme音素asthepointofdeparture.

•Itstudiesthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.

•Ultimatelyitaimstodiscovertherulesthatunderliethesoundpatternsofalllanguages.

Howspeechsoundsaremade?

•speechorgans言语器官

•Speechorgansarealsoknownasvocalorgans（发音器官）.

•Partsofhumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeechsounds:

lungs,trachea（windpipe）气管,throat,nose,mouth

•organsofspeech（Figure2.2,p.26onourbooks）

•Threecavities:

oralcavity,nasalcavity鼻腔,pharyngealcavity（pharynx）咽腔

•Insidetheoralcavity:

tongue,hardpalate硬腭,softpalate（velum）软腭,teeth,teethridge（alveolus）齿龈

•Insidethepharyngealcavity:

pharynx咽,larynx喉,vocalfolds声带

•Positionsofvocalfolds声带

•

•（a）apart

•speechsoundswhichareproducedwithoutvibrationofthevocalcordsarecalledvoiceless清音.

•[p,t,k,f,s]

•（b）closetogether

•Speechsoundswhichareproducedwiththevocalcordsvibratingarecalledvoiced浊音.

•[b,d,g,v,z]

•Whenaspeechsoundwhichisnormallyvoicedisproducedwithoutvibrationoronlyslightvibration,thisiscalleddevoicing（清音化）.DevoicingofvoicedconsonantsoftenoccursinEnglishwhentheyareattheendofaword,e.g.

•Lidwordcrabbag

•fivepasthasto

•（c）totallyclosed[ʔ]

•Fattenbuttonpack

IPA

•IPA:

InternationalPhoneticAlphabet国际音标

•Principles:

•Aseparateletterforeachdistinctivesound,andthesamesymbolshouldbeusedforthatsoundinanylanguageinwhichitappears.

Romanalphabet,newlettersanddiacritics语音符号onlynecessary

•Diacritics音符:

•Theyareadditionalsymbolsormarksusedtogetherwiththeconsonantandvowelsymbolstoindicatenuancesofchangeintheirpronunciation.

Consonantsandvowels

•Distinctionbetweenconsonantsandvowels:

theobstruction阻塞ofairstream

•Consonants辅音:

obstructionofairstreams;voicedorvoiceless

•Vowels元音:

noobstruction;voiced

•semi-vowelorsemi-consonant：

[j][w]

Consonants

•consonantsarespeechsoundswheretheairstreamisblockedsomewhereinthemouthorthroattodifferentdegrees.

•Atleast2articulatorsareinvolved：

mouthandvocaltract（声道）

•Classificationofconsonants:

•Mannersofarticulation

•Placesofarticulation

•Voicedorvoiceless

Mannersofarticulation

•Therelationshipbetweenthearticulatorsandthusthewayinwhichtheairpassesthroughcertainpartsofthevocaltract

•Sevenmannersofarticulation:

•1）Stop塞音（plosive）爆破音

•threephasesintheproductionofastop:

•theclosingphase;

•theholdphase;

•thereleasephase

•nasalstop（nasal）[n,m,ŋ]

•oralstop（stop）[p,b,t,d,k,g]

•2）Fricative（Audiblefriction）摩擦音

•Closeapproximationoftwoarticulators,theairstreampartiallyobstructed,turbulentairflowisproduced.

•[f,v,s,z,h,,ð,∫,ʒ]

•3）（Median）Approximant近音:

•onearticulatorisclosetoanother,butwithoutthevocaltractbeingnarrowedtosuchanextentthataturbulentairstreamisproduced.

•Features:

•largergap;noturbulence

•Ex.[w,j]

•）Lateral（Approximant）边音:

•Obstructionoftheairstreamatapointalongthecenteroftheoraltract,withincompleteclosurebetweenoneorbothsidesofthetongueandtheroofofthemouth.

•Features:

•astrictureofopenapproximation;nonoiseoffriction

•Ex.[l]:

leaf,lead;

feel,real,build

•5）Trill[r]颤音：

red

•6）Taporflap触音/闪音：

[Ր]

•cityletter（Am.）

»7）Affricates塞擦音[ʧʤ]:

•involvemorethanoneofthesemannersofarticulationinthattheyconsistofastopfollowedimmediatelyafterwardsbyafricativeatthesameplaceofarticulation.

•Ex.[ʧ]:

church

[ʤ]:

jet

Placesofarticulation

•Theplaceswherethereisapproximation,narrowing,ortheobstructionofair.

•elevenplacesofarticulation

•1）Bilabial双唇音

•Madewithtwolips

•[p,b,m],

•[w]（alittledifferent,IPArefersitaslabial-velarapproximant唇颚近音）

•2）Labiodental唇齿音

•madewiththelowerlipandtheupperfrontteeth.

•[f,v],asinfireandvia

•3）dental/interdental齿音

•thetonguetiporbladeandtheupperfrontteeth

•[,ð]

•4）alveolar齿龈音（7个）

•thetonguetiporbladeandthealveolarridge

•[t,d,n,s,z,ɹ,l]

•5）postalveolar（palato-alveolar）后齿龈音:

thetonguetipandthebackofthealveolarridge

•[∫,ʒ,ʧ,ʤ]

•washgaragewatch

•6）retroflex卷舌音

•thetiporbladecurledback（retroflex）sothattheundersideofthetonguetiporbladeformsastricturewiththebackofthealveolarridgeorthehardpalate

•“r”ofdaughter

•7）palatal（only1）硬腭音

•thefrontofthetongueandthehardpalate

•[j],asinyesandyet.

•8）velar软腭音

•thebackofthetongueandthesoftpalate.（touched）

•[k,g]:

velarstops,cat,get

•[ŋ]:

velarnasal,sing

•9）uvular小舌音

•10）Pharyngeal咽音

•11）glottal声门音

•thetwopiecesofvocalfoldspushedtowardseachother

•[h]:

glottalfricative,asinhat,hold

•[ʔ]:

glottalstop,infat[fæʔt],pack[pæʔk],

•AnalyzeconsonantsofEnglish

•Descriptionofconsonants:

•1.voicedorvoiceless

•2.placeofarticulation

•3.mannerofarticulation

•e.g.[p]Voicelessbilabialstop

•[b]Voicedbilabialstop

•[f]Voicelesslabio-dentalfricative

•[m]Bilabialnasal

•Vowels元音

•Vowel:

aspeechsoundinwhichtheairstreamfromthelungsisnotblockedinanywayinthemouthorthroat,andwhichisusuallypronouncedwithvibrationofthevocalcords,too.

•cardinalvowels基本元音

•TheideaofasystemofCARDINALVOWELSwasfirstsuggestedbyA.J.Ellisin1844andwastakenupbyA.M.BellinhisVisibleSpeech（1867）

•Asetofvowelqualitiesarbitrarilydefined,fixed,andunchanging,intendedtoprovideaframeofreferenceforthedescriptionoftheactualvowelsofexitinglanguage.

•[i][e][][a][α][ɔ][Օ][u]

•Schwa（非重读央元音

•neutralvowel[ə],neitherhighnorlowandneitherfrontnorback

•Thedescriptionofvowels:

•1.Theheightoftongueraising（high,mid,low）

•2.Thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue（front,central,back）

•3.Thelengthortensenessofthevowel（tensevs.laxorlongvs.short）

•4.Lip-rounding（roundedvs.unrounded）.

•

•Descriptionofsomevowels

•[i:

]highfronttenseunroundedvowel

•[u]highbacklaxroundedvowel

•[a:

]lowbacktenseunroundedvowel

•[e]midfrontlaxunroundedvowel

•Vowelglides（元音音渡）

•Vowelswherethequalityremainsconstantthroughoutthearticulationarecalledpureormonophthongvowels（纯元音/单元音）.

•Vowelswherethereisanaudiblechangeofqualityarecalledvowelglides.

•Diphthong（双元音）:

aspeechsoundwhichisusuallyconsideredasonedistinctivevowelofaparticularlanguagebutreallyinvolvestwovowels,withonevowelglidingtotheother.

•Triphthong（三合元音）:

atermsometimesusedforacombinationofthreevowels.

•ThesoundsofEnglish

•ReceivedPronunciation（RP）标准英语isthetypeofBritishSTANDARDENGLISHpronunciationwhichhasbeenregardedastheprestigevarietyandwhichshowsnoREGIONALVARIATY.

•ItisalsocalledbymanypeopleasBBCEnglish,OxfordEnglish,King’sEnglishorQueen’sEnglish

•GeneralAmerican（GA）普通美语:

thewidelyacceptedaccentusedbymosteducatedspeakerintheUSA

•Syllable音节

Itisdefinedastheunitwhichisoftenlongerthanonesoundandsmallerthanawholeword.

Themostcommontypeofsyllableinlanguagehasaconsonantbeforeavowel（CV）.

Thebasicelementsofasyllablearetheonset（oneormoreconsonants）andtherime/rhyme韵音.

Therimeconsistsofvowel,whichistreatedasthenucleusorpeak,plusthefollowingconsonant,treatedascoda尾音.

•syllablestructure:

•syllable

•╱╲

•onsetrhyme

•╱╲

•nucleuscoda

Minimalpairsandminimalsets

Whentwowordsareidenticalineverywayexceptforacontrastinonesoundsegmentoccurringinthesamepositioninthestring,thetwowordsarecalledaminimalpair最小对立体.

E.g:

pitandbitjunkandchunk

banandbinbetandbat

Aminimalpairshouldfollowthreeconditions:

1）theyaredifferentinmeaning;2）theydifferonlyinonesoundsegment;3）thedifferentsoundsoccurinthesamepositioninthestrings.

E.g:

Twopronunciationsofthewordeconomics

seedandsitleafandveal

Whenagroupofwordsmeetalltheabovethreeconditions,theyarecalledaminimalset最小集合.E.g.:

1）bitbeatbatbatebootbitebought

2）pitbitkitsitfitknithit

3）tinfinthinsinchinginwin

Freevariation自由变异

Whentwoormoredifferentsoundsoccurinthesamepositionwithoutanychangeofmeaning,theyaresaidtobeinfreevariation.

E.g.:

economics,direct,either,neither

Phone,phoneme,allophone

•Phone语音:

individualsoundsastheyoccurinspeech.Itappearsinsquarebrackets.

•Phoneme音素:

thesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowords.Itappearsintwoslantinglines.

•Theallophones音素变体ofaphonemearethedifferentversionsofaphonemeinactualspeech.Itappearsinsquarebrackets.

•ABC

•Keyskidictation

•Catscanfactory

•Kenskepticdeckchair

•Sounds[k]aredescribeddifferentlyinthreecolumns:

•ColumnA:

aspirated

•B:

unaspirated

•C:

unreleased

Phonologicalprocesse