语言学教程第四版练习 第4章Word文档格式.docx

语言学教程第四版练习 第4章Word文档格式.docx

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A.inflectionB.followingaprepositionC.wordorderD.verticalrelation

5.InEnglish,themeandrhemeareoftenexpressedby_____and____.

A.subject;

objectB.subject;

predicateC.predicate;

objectD.object;

predicate

6.Phrasestructureruleshave_____properties.

A.recursiveB.grammaticalC.socialD.functional

7.WhichofthefollowingisNOTamongthethreebasicwaystoclassifylanguagesintheworld

A.WordorderB.GeneticclassificationC.ArealclassificationD.Socialclassification

8.TheheadofthephrasethecityRomeis______.

A.thecityB.RomeC.cityD.thecityRome

9.Thephraseontheshelfbelongsto______construction.

A.endocentricB.exocentricC.subordinateD.coordinate

10.ThesentenceTheywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexposethemselvesisa_____sentence.

A.simpleB.coordinateC.compoundD.complex

II.Markthefollowingstatementswith“T”iftheyaretrueor“F”iftheyarefalse.

1.Therelationofco-occurrencepartlybelongtosyntagmaticrelations,partlytoparadigmaticrelations.

2.Onepropertycoordinationrevealsisthatthereisalimitonthenumberofcoordinatedcategoriesthatcanappearpriortotheconjunction.

3.AccordingtoStandardTheoryofChomsky,deepstructurecontainalltheinformationnecessaryforthesemanticinterpretationofsentences.

4.InEnglish,theobjectisrecognizedbytracingitsrelationtowordorderandbyinflectionsofpronouns.

5.Classesandfunctionsdetermineeachother,butnotinanyone-to-onerelation.

6.Usuallynounphrases,verbphrasesandadverbialphrasesbelongtoendocentrictypesofconstriction.

7.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.

8.IntheexocentricconstructionJohnkickedtheball,neitherconstituentstandsfortheverb-objectsequence.

9.Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.

10.Inacoordinatesentence,two（ormore）Sconstituentsoccurasdaughtersandco-headsofahigherS.

III.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithanappropriateword.Thefirstletterofthewordisalreadygiven.

1.ThesubordinateconstituentsarewordswhichmodifytheHeadsandconsequently,theycanbecalledm____________.

2.Johnbelieves（thattheairplanewasinventedbyanIrishman）.Thepartinthebracketisac_________clause.

3.Inordertoaccountforthecaseofthesubjectinpassivevoice,wehaveanothertwoterms,p____________andn__________.

4.Thereisatendencytomakeadistinctionbetweenphraseandw_______,whichisanextensionofwordofaparticularclassbywayofmodificationwithitsmainfeaturesoftheclassunchanged.

5.Recursiveness,togetherwitho_______,isgenerallyregardedasthecoreofcreativityoflanguage.

6.Traditionally,p_________isseenaspartofastructuralhierarchy,positionedbetweenclauseandword.

7.Thecasecategoryisusedintheanalysisofwordclassestoidentitythes______relationshipbetweenwordsinasentence.

8.ClausecanbeclassifiesintoFINITEandNON-FINITEclauses,thelatterincludingthetraditionalinfinitivephrase,p__________,andgerundialphrase.

9.Genderdisplayssuchcontrastsasmasculine:

feminine:

n_______.

10.Englishgendercontrastcanonlybeobserveding__________andasmallnumberofl__________andtheyaremainlyofthenaturalgendertype.

IV.Explainthefollowingconceptsortheories.

1.Syntax

2.ICanalysis

3.Relationofco-occurrence

4.Category

5.Recursiveness

V.MatcheachterminColumnAwithonerelevantiteminColumnB.

A

B

（1）syntacticrelation

a.number,genderandcase

（2）grammaticalconstruction

b.conjoiningandembedding

（3）syntacticfunction

c.syntagmaticrelation

（4）category

d.substitutability

（5）recusiveness

e.coordinationandsubordination

（6）positionalrelation

f.hypotacticandparatacticrelations

（7）associativerelation

g.conjunction,ellipsis,reference

（8）sententialconnection

h.subject,predicateandobject

（9）cohesion

I.finiteandnon-infinite

（10）clause

j.paradigmaticrelation

VI.Answerthefollowingquestion.

1.Whatareendocentricconstructionandexocentricconstruction

2.Whatarethebasicfunctionaltermsinsyntax

VII.Essayquestion.

1.Explainancommentonthefollowingsentenceaandb.

a.Johniseasytoplease.

b.Johniseagertoplease.

2.Commentonthestatement,“Linguisticstructureishiearchical”

I.Markthefollowingstatementswith“T”iftheyaretrueor“F”iftheyarefalse.

1.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,buttheyarecapableofyieldinganinfinitenumberofsentences.

2.Although,asinglewordcanalsobeutteredasasentence,normallyasentenceconsistsofatleastasubject,itspredicateandanobject.\

3.Thesentencesarelinearlystructured,sotheyarecomposedofsequenceofwordsarrangedinasimplelinearorder.

4.hisuponanidea.

ideahituponJohn.

Intheabovesentences,thesubjectandobjectconstituentbythesentencesswitchtheirposition.Althoughsentencebisabsurd,itisstillgrammatical,becauseJohnandanideaareofthesamephrasalcategory.

5.Thoughtheyareofasmallnumber,thecombinationalrulesarepowerfulenoughtoyieldallthepossiblesentencesandruleouttheimpossibleones.

6.InasentencelikeMarylikesflowers,bothMaryandflowersarenotonlyNouns,butalsoNounPhrases.

7.Therecursivepropertycanbasicallybediscussedinacategory-basedgrammar,butnotinaword-basedgrammar.

8.AnXPmustcontainanXwhichiscalledthephrasalhead.

9.Inthephrasethisverytallgirl,tallgirlisanobligatoryelementandtheheadofthephrase.

10.a.Themanbeatthechild.b.Thechildwasbeatenbytheman.

Intheabovesentences,themovementofthechildfromitsoriginalplacetoanewplaceisaWH-movement.

11.Tenseandaspect,thetwoimportantcategoriesoftheverb,nowadaysareviewedasseparatenotionsingrammar.

12.Thestructuralistsregardlinguisticunitsasisolatedbitsinastructure（orsystem）.

13.ICanalysiscanhelpustoseetheinternalstructureofasentenceclearlyanditcanalsodistinguishtheambiguityofasentence.

14.Structurallinguistsholdthatasentencedoesonlyhavealinearstructure,butithasahierarchicalstructure,madeupoflayersofwordgroups.

15.InSaussure’sview,thelinguistcannotattempttoexplainindividualsignsinapiecemealfashion.Insteadhemusttrytofindthevalueofasignfromitsrelationtoothers,orrather,itspositioninthesystem.

16.Thetheme-rhemeorderistheusualoneinunemotionalnarration,whichisasubjectiveorder.

17.WhatisnewinHallidayisthathehastriedtorelatethefunctionsoflanguagetoitsstructure.

18.Sentenceisabasicunitofstructureinfunctionalgrammar.

19.TheinterpersonalfunctionoflanguagereferstotheideaheldbyHallidaythatlanguageservesotestablishandmaintainsocialrelations.

20.Finiteisafunctionintheclauseasarepresentation,boththerepresentationofouterexperienceandinnerexperience.

21.Therelationsofco-occurrencepartlybelongtosyntagmaticrelations,partlytoparadigmaticrelations.

22.AccordingtoChomsky,grammarisamechanismthatshouldbeabletogenerateallandonlythegrammaticalsentencesofalanguage.

23.InEnglish,thesubjectofasentenceissaidtobethedoerofanaction,whiletheobjectisthepersonorthingacteduponbythedoer.Therefore,thesubjectisalwaysanagentandthepatientisalwaystheobject.

24.InEnglish,theobjectisrecognizedbytracingitsrelationtowordorderandbyinflectionsofpronouns.

25.Classesandfunctionsdetermineeachother,butnotinanyone-to-onerelation.

26.Thesyntacticrulesofalanguagearefiniteinnumber,andtherearealimitednumberofsentenceswhichcanbeproduced.

27.Structuralismviewslanguageasbothlinearlyandhierarchicallystructured.

28.Phrasestructurerulesprovideexplanationsonhowsyntacticcategoriesareformedandsentencesgenerated.

29.UGisasystemoflinguisticknowledgeandahumanspecies-specificgiftwhichexistsinthemindofanormalhumanbeing.

30.Tenseandaspectaretwoimportantcategoriesoftheverb,andtheywereseparatedintraditionalgrammar.

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswith（an）appropriateword（s）.

1.Asisrequiredbythe______,anounphrasemusthavecaseandcaseisassignedbyverb,orprepositiontothe_________positionorbyauxiliarytothe________position.

2.Adjacencyconditionstatesthatacase_________andacase_______shouldstayadjacenttoeachother.

3.Thegeneralmovementruleaccountingforthesyntacticbehaviorofanyconstituentmovementiscalled__________.

4.Thephrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatth