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字母B的历史.docx

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字母B的历史.docx

字母B的历史

FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

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Thisarticleisabouttheletter.Forotheruses,seeB（disambiguation）.

Fortechnicalreasons,B#redirectshere.Forthemusicalnote,seeB（musicalnote）

ISObasicLatinalphabet

Cursivescript'b'andcapital'B'.

B（namedbee/ˈbiː/[1]）isthesecondletterintheISObasicLatinalphabet.Itisusedtorepresentavarietyofbilabialsounds（dependingonlanguage）,butmostcommonlyavoicedbilabialstop.

Contents

[hide]

∙1History

∙2Typography

∙3Use

∙4Relatedlettersandothersimilarcharacters

∙5Computingcodes

∙6Otherrepresentations

∙7References

∙8Externallinks

History

Thecapitalletter'B'mayhavestartedasapictogramofthefloorplanofahouseinEgyptianhieroglyphs.By1050BC,thePhoenicianalphabet'sletterhadalinearformthatservedasthebeth.

Egyptianhieroglyph

cottage

Phoenician

beth

Greek

Beta

Etruscan

Roman

Typography

Themodernlowercase'b'derivesfromlaterRomantimes,whenscribesbeganomittingtheupperloopofthecapital.

BlackletterB

UncialB

ModernRomanB

ModernItalicB

ModernScriptB

Use

InEnglish,mostotherlanguagesthatusetheLatinalphabet,andtheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,'b'denotesthevoicedbilabialplosive/b/,asin'bib'.InEnglishitissometimessilent;mostinstancesarederivedfromoldmonosyllablicwordswiththe'b'finalandimmediatelyprecededbyan'm',suchas'lamb'and'bomb';afewareexamplesofetymologicalspellingtomakethewordmorelikeitsLatinoriginal,suchas'debt'or'doubt'.

InEstonian,Icelandic,andChinesepinyin,'b'doesnotdenoteavoicedconsonant;instead,itrepresentsavoiceless/p/thatcontrastswitheitherageminated/pp/（inEstonian）oranaspirated/pʰ/（inChinese,DanishandIcelandic）,representedby'p'.InFijian'b'representsaprenasalized/mb/,whereasinZuluandXhosaitrepresentsanimplosive/ɓ/,incontrasttothedigraph'bh'whichrepresents/b/.

Finnishonlyuses'b'inloanwords.

'B'isalsoamusicalnote.Itsvaluevariesdependingontheregion;a'b'inAnglophonecountriesrepresentsanotethatisasemitonehigherthantheBnoteinNorthernContinentalEurope.（AnglophoneBisrepresentedinNorthernEuropewith'H'.）Archaicformsof'b',thebquadratum（squareb,♮）andbrotundum（roundb,♭）remaininuseformusicalnotationasthesymbolsfornaturalandflat,respectively.

InContracted（grade2）Englishbraille,'b'standsfor"but"wheninisolation.

Relatedlettersandothersimilarcharacters

∙Ββ :

GreekletterBeta

∙Вв :

CyrillicletterVe

∙Бб :

CyrillicletterBe

∙Ɓɓ :

LatinletterBwithhook

∙Ъъ :

CyrillicletterYer（alsoknownasthehardsign,backyer,ortvyordiyznak）isshapedliketheletterb,buthasnophoneticvalueonitsowninmodernEastSlaviclanguages.Theъservesasanorthographicdevicethatindicatesthattheconsonantprecedingtheъisnotpalatalized.

∙Ьь :

CyrillicletterSoftsign（alsoknownasthefrontyer,ormyagkiyznak）isalsoshapedliketheletterb,buthasnophoneticvalueonitsowninmodernEastSlaviclanguages.Theьservesasorthographicdevicethatindicatesthattheconsonantprecedingtheьissoftenedorpalatalized.

∙ẞß :

GermanletterEszett,originallyaligatureoflongs'ſ'with'z',nowconsideredtostandfor'ss'.

∙ב :

HebrewletterBet

∙␢ :

Space

∙♭:

Theflatinmusic,mentionedabove,stillcloselyresembleslowercaseb.

Computingcodes

Character

Unicodename

LATINCAPITALLETTERB

LATINSMALLLETTERB

Encodings

decimal

hex

decimal

hex

Unicode

U+0042

U+0062

UTF-8

Numericcharacterreference

EBCDICfamily

194

130

ASCII1

1AlsoforencodingsbasedonASCII,includingtheDOS,Windows,ISO-8859andMacintoshfamiliesofencodings.

Otherrepresentations

NATOphonetic

Morsecode

Bravo

–···

Signalflag

Flagsemaphore

Braille

References

1.^"B"OxfordEnglishDictionary,2ndedition（1989）;Merriam-Webster'sThirdNewInternationalDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage,Unabridged（1993）;"bee",op.cit.

Externallinks

∙

MediarelatedtoBatWikimediaCommons

∙

ThedictionarydefinitionofBatWiktionary

∙

ThedictionarydefinitionofbatWiktionary

TheISObasicLatinalphabet

∙v

∙t

∙e

LetterBwithdiacritics

Ḃḃ

Ḅḅ

Ḇḇ

Ƀƀ

Ɓɓ

Ƃƃ

ᵬ

ᶀ

∙Derivations

∙Diacritics

∙History

∙ISO/IEC646

∙Listofletters

∙Numerals

∙Palaeography

∙Punctuation

∙Unicode

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TheHistoryofb

Theletterbisoneofthemoreconsistentofform,usuallyreadilyrecognisableinallscripts.Mostvariationsrelatetothetreatmentoftheascender,whichmaybestraight,wedged,curlyorlooped,usuallyinapatternconsistentwithsimilarletterssuchashorl.

IntheOldRomansquarecapitals,Bisthefamiliarformwithstraightbackandassymmetricalclosedloops.

Intherusticcapitalscript,itlooksessentiallythesame.

TheuncialB,whileperhapsshowingsomeminorvariationsrelatedtotheholdingofthepen,isalsobasicallythesameinshape.

InthisexampleofNewRomancursive,theminusculebis,tooureyes,backtofront.

Inthepre-CarolingianminusculescriptsorNationalHands,bisgenerallyrecognisable.Whileitcanappearasopeninsomeearlyscripts,orvarybetweenslightlyopenandclosedeveninthesamepassage,itrapidlybecomesasimpleletterwithaclosedloop.

Ina6thcenturyhalfuncialscript,bhasaslightlyopenformwithastraightascender.

ThepeculiarformoftheletterbisoneofthediagnosticlettersforthespecialisedbookscriptcalledCorbieab.Thewideopenloopandthecrossbarseemtobeuniquetothisscript.

AnoldnorthernItalianbookhandofthe8thcenturyshowsthesimplebwithclosedloopandmoreorlessstraightascender,withoutanyelaborations.

ThisexampleofofMerovingianminusculeorGermanicbookhanddisplaysthesamebasicform.

TheothernamedspecialMerovingianbookhand,Luxeuilminuscule,whiletendingtowardssomeelaboratedletterforms,keepsthingssimplewithb.

TheVisigothicscriptputsawedgedtopontheascenderofb.

Theformalscriptknownasknownasinsularhalfuncialmakesthelettersomewhatsquatandrounded,withaneatlywedgedascender.

Thewedgedtopoftheascenderisretainedininsularminuscule.Thisisageneralcharacteristicoftalllettersinthisscriptfamily.

Beneventanminusculedisplaysthesimple,uprightclosedformwiththeloopcontinuouswiththeascender,asinmostoftheothercontemporaryscripts.

Theextremelateralcompressionandexaggeratedtallnessofascenders,aswellastheoddlittlecrossbar,inMerovingianchanceryscriptcanmaketheletterabithardtorecognise,butthatisthenatureofthisdifficultscript.

Theoldcurialisofthepapalchanceryalsotendedtoexaggerationoftheheightofascenders,butthebasicformissimilartothatofthebookhands.

TheCarolingianreformsreallydidnothavetoomuchworktodoonb,asthevariationsonthisletterwerenotsogreat.Therewasatendencyforbookhandstohaveshorterandchunkierformsofb,whiledocumenthandsproducedatallerletter.

AformalroundedversionofCarolineminusculedisplaysthenicesimpleb.

Asamplefromaforged12thcenturymonasticchartershowsthestronglywedgedtopoftheascenderinEnglishCarolineminuscule,carriedoverfromtheearlierinsularscripts.

Thelaterpapalcurialisofthe11thcenturyaddslittleelaborationtotheletter,apartfromalittlewedgeatthetop.

Thediplomaticminusculeofthe12thcenturypapalchanceryshowsasplittoptotheexaggeratedlytallascender,settingthetrendforfurtherelaborationstoformaldocumenthandsinboththepapalandGermanimperialchanceries.

TheImperialGermanchancerybasedtheirdiplomaticminusculeonCarolineminusculeletterformswithgreatlyexaggeratedandelaboratedascenders.Thisexamplefromtheearly12thcenturyshowsthebeginningofthecompetitiontoincludemoresquigglesthananybodyelse.

IntheformalGothicbookhands,bwassimilartothatofCarolineminuscule,exceptthattheclosedloopbecameangular.

Thisprotogothicbfroma12thcenturyFrenchbookhandshowshowtheloopchangestoanangularshapewiththickandthinlinesandhasatriangularwedgeatthetopoftheascender.

The14thcenturyGothicrotundaversionoftheletterretainstheroundnessoftheCarolineminuscule,butincludestheformalwedgedtop.

ThisshowsaG

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