科技英语词汇特点重点讲义资料.docx
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科技英语词汇特点重点讲义资料
第一节(略)
第二节TechnicalandSemi-TechnicalWords
科技、半科技专业术语
2.1Technicalwords科技专业术语
Anordinaryreaderorlistenermayfinditdifficulttounderstandthewritingorspeechcomposedpurelyinscientificlanguage.Wordsusedintechnicallanguagepresentthefirstobstacletothosewhohavelittleornospecificknowledgeintherelatedfield.
ThespecialvocabularyofESTincludestechnicalandsemi-technicalterms.
2.1.1HighlySpecializedinMeaning意义高度专业化
Withrapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,newtermsareneededtodefinenewphenomenaandtoexplainnewthingsandprocesses.Oftensuitabletermshavetobeinvented.Scientistshavebeenextendingthevocabulariesoftheirsubjectsforcenturiesandeachsubjecthasitsownstoreoftermswithpreciseandnarrowmeanings.Forexample,stratosphere(同温层),quartzoscillator(石英晶体振荡器),seismology(地震学),polysomic(多倍体的),circumradius(外接圆半径),polystyrene(聚苯乙烯),leukocyte(白细胞),sequoia(红杉),etc.Youmayfindmanysuchkindofwordsinthisbook.
2.1.2TheUseofPrefixesandSuffixes前缀后缀的使用
ManytechnicaltermsaremadeupfromLatinorGreekrootswithprefixes(前缀)andsuffixes(后缀).Forexample,thewordpolytetrafluoroethylene(聚四氟乙烯)ismadeupoffiveparts:
poly-(前缀:
多,复,聚),tetra-(四),fluoro-(氟),ethyl(乙基,乙烷基),and–ene(后缀:
烯属烃,苯属烃).
Anotherexample,geoastrophysics(地球天体物理学):
geo-(地球),astro-(星,天体,宇宙),physics(物理学).
Therefore,knowingthemeaningofprefixesandsuffixescanhelpyouunderstandthemeaningofthewords.
ThefollowingaresomeofthecommonlyusedprefixesandsuffixesinEST.
1)Prefixes前缀
aero-:
空气,大气;气体;飞机;航空
aerobiology(空气生物学,高空生物学);aeronautics(航空学,飞行学);aeromechanics(航空力学)
astro-:
星,天体;宇宙
astrodynamics(天体动力学);astrogeology(天体地质学);astronomy(天文学)
anti-:
反,抗,阻;治,止;防止,中和
antibody(抗体);anticancer(抗癌的);anticorrosive[防(腐)蚀(的)]
auto-:
自动的,自动调整的;自己,本身
autocontrol(自动控制);autoignition(自燃);auto-switch(自动开关)
bio-:
生命;生物;生物学的
biochemistry(生物化学);bioelectricity[生物(电流)];biosphere(生物圈)
cyber-:
计算机的;互联网的
cyberaddict(网迷);cyberattack(黑客攻击);cyberspace(网络空间)
de-:
离开;去除,减少
deforestation(滥伐森林);desalter(脱盐设备);desensitizer(脱敏药)
di-:
二,二倍,二重;双,联
dioxide(二氧化物);diode(二极管);diproton(双质子)
electro-:
电的;导电的;电解;电子(的)
electroanalysis[电(解)分析];electrobiology(生物电学);eletromagnetism(电磁,电磁学)
geo-:
地球;土地
geodynamics(地球动力学);geochemistry(地球化学);geoscience(地球科学,地学)
hydro-:
水;氢化的
hydrobiology(水生生物学);hydrocarbon(碳氢化合物);hydrology(水文学)
infra-:
在下(部);亚,低,外
infra-acoustic[亚(次)声的];infrared[红外线(的)];infrahuman(低于人类的动物,类人动物).
in-:
非,无
inactive(非活动性的);inorganic(无机的);instability(不稳定性)
macro-大,宏观的
micro-:
小,微;扩大,放大
microcomputer(微型计算机);microorganism(微生物);microscope(显微镜)
mono-:
单,一
monochromator(单色仪);monotreme(单孔目动物);monoxide(一氧化物)
multi-:
多
multiprocessing(多重处理);multipropellant(多元推进剂);multivitamin[多种维生素(的)]
photo-:
光;光电;照相(术)
photoconductor(光电导体,光敏电阻);photochemistry(光化学);photosynthesis(光合作用)
radio-:
放射,辐射;无线电;射线
radiobiology(放射生物学);radiodetection(无线电探测);radioelement(放射性元素)
semi-:
半;部分的,不完全的(hemi-)
semiconductor(半导体);semifluid(半流质的);semisphere[半球(形)]
sub-:
在...底下;从属;次要;分(支);近(于)
subcircuit[(分)支电路];subcompound(亚化合物);subsonic(亚音速的)
super-:
超,超级
superaltitude(超高空),superfluid[超流体(的)],supersonic(超音速)
tele-:
远距离;电信
telecontrol(遥控);telemechanics(遥控机械学,遥控力学);telemetry(远距离测量技术)
thermo-:
热
thermodynamics(热力学);thermometer(温度计,寒暑表);thermosphere(热大气层)thermos
trans-:
转移;超越
transgene(转基因);translunar(月球外侧的,月球轨道外的);transplant(移植,移栽)
ultra-:
超,过;极端
ultrasonic[超声(音速)的];ultraviolet(紫外线);ultravirus[超显微(滤过性)病毒]
2)Suffixes后缀
-fold:
...倍,...重,...次,...方
fivefold(五倍的,五倍地);manifold(多样的,多方面的)
-free :
不...,无...duty-free
ice-free(不冻的);nuclear-freezone(无核区);oil-free(不含油的);static-free(不受静电干扰的)
-gram:
图
spectrogram(光谱图);bathygram[水(海)深图];electrogram(电记录图)
-cide:
杀灭剂;杀suicidehomicide
insecticide[杀虫(药)剂];weedicide(除草剂)
-meter:
剂,仪,表
seismometer(地震仪);speedometer(速度计,里程计);multimeter(万用表)
-ology:
...学,...论
cosmology(宇宙学);psychology(心理学);seismology(地震学)
-proof :
不透...的,防...的,抗...的,耐...的
airproof(不透气的);fireproof(耐火的,不燃的);water-proof(防水的);heatproof[抗(隔、耐)热的];shockproof(防震的,防电击的)bulletproof
-scope :
用于观察的仪器,镜
microscope(显微镜)telescope(望远镜);spectroscope(分光镜);radioscope(放射镜)
-tight:
不透的
airtight(密封的,不透气的);watertight(不透水的,防水的)
-therapy治疗方法
thermotherapy温热疗法hydrotherapy水疗法
2.2Semi-TechnicalWords半科技专业术语
Therearemanywordswhoseuseisnotconfinedtoscientificandtechnologicalcontexts,buttheyformanessentialpartofEST.TheyincludesomewordsformedfromGreekorLatinrootslikeenergy(fromGreek)andefficiency(fromLatin).However,mostofthemhavebeentakenfromeverydaylanguageandgivenaprecisedefinitionforscientificuse.Inotherwords,scientiststakeoverthesecommonwordsandconvertthemintotechnicaltermsbyusingtheminaspecialway.Asaresult,themeaningsofthesewordsintheirtechnicalusearelikelytodifferfromtheirnon-technicalmeanings,andtheymayhavedifferentprecisemeaningsindifferenttechnicalfields.
Thustheword“reaction”mightineverydaycontextrefertoone'sreactiontohearingofanaccidentthathappenedtoafamilymember,whileinchemistryitmightbeusedtorefertothereactionofammoniawithcarbondioxidetoformanotherkindofsubstance;innuclearphysicsitmightrefertoanuclearchain
reactionandincivilengineeringitmightrefertothereactionofabeamagainsttheweightofaloadplaced
onthebeam.
Thereareplentyofsemi-technicalwordsinEST,andthefollowingareafewexamples:
•family
一般意义:
家,家庭;家属,亲属
【动植物】科
e.g.animalsofthecatfamily(猫科动物)
【化学】【数学】【天文】【地质】族
e.g.thehalogenfamily(卤族);familyoffunctions(函数族)
【语言】语族,语系
e.g.theIndo-Europeanfamilyoflanguages(印欧语系)
•focus
一般意义:
中心,重点
【物理】焦点;焦距;聚光点
e.g.realfocus(实焦点);virtualfocus(虚焦点);focuscoilaxis(聚焦线圈轴)
【数学】焦点,中数
【地质】震源,震中
【医学】病灶;疫源点
•force
一般意义:
力,力量;力气,精力
【物理】力;力的强度
e.g.forcearm(力臂);airforce[(空)气动力];electromotiveforce(电动势);componentofforce(分力)
【气象】风力等级
e.g.a12(th)forcetyphoon12级台风
【计算机】强行置码
•function
一般意义:
功能,作用;起作用
【数学】函数
e.g.Pure functions are easy for programmers to understand.对程序员而言纯粹的函数很容易理解。
•mass
一般意义:
群众;团,块,堆,片,群
【物理】物质;质量
e.g.thelawofconservationofmass(质量守恒定律);massenergy(质能)
【采矿】体
e.g.tabularmass(板状体,层状体);moltenmass(熔融体);oremass(矿体)
•matter
一般意义:
事情;问题;事态,情况
【物理】物质
e.g.themotionofmatter(物质运动);solidmatter(固体);liquidmatter(液体)
【医学】物质;脓
e.g.graymatter[灰(白)质]
•power
一般意义:
能力;力量;权利;强国
【物理】动力;电力;功率
e.g.horsepower(马力);powersource(电源);powernetwork(电力网);ratedpower(额定功率)
【化学】能;能力
e.g.chemicalpower(化学能);catalyticpower(催化能力)
【光学】倍率,放大率;(透镜的)焦强
e.g.1000-powermicroscope(千倍显微镜);telescopeofhighpower(高倍望远镜)
【机械】力,动力
e.g.brakepower(制动力);powershaft[动力(传动)轴];powergas(动力气体)
【数学】乘方,幂;指数
e.g.thefourthpowerofx(x的4次幂)
•work
一般意义:
工作;劳动;职业
【物理】功;作功
e.g.availablework(可用功);mechanicalwork(机械功)
【电子】负载
【机械、冶金】工件;机件
e.g.workholder(工件夹具);worklead(工件引线)
【化学】(发酵产生的)泡沫
Exercises
I.MatchtheprefixesinColumnAwiththewordsorwordrootsinColumnB.ThentranslatethetermsintoChinese.
ColumnAColumnB
1.auto-A.conductor
2.bio-B.wave
3.thermo-C.virus
4.geo-D.pilot
5.micro-E.period
6.radio-F.clock
7.photo-G.thermal
8.super-H.operator
9.tele-I.nuclear
10.ultra-J.therapy
II.Thefollowingphrasesallcontainwordsmadeupwithprefixesandsuffixes.GuessthemeaningsofthesewordsandtranslatethephrasesintoChinese.
1.adoctorengagedintheresearchofaeromedicine
2.measurestopreventcybercrime
3.anewtypeofdefroster
4.atoypoweredbyphotocells
5.acarequippedwithanautoalarm
6.soundproofmaterial
7.awidelyappliedpesticide
8.anexperimentwithradiocarbon
9.thedevelopmentoftelecommunication
10.amulti-purposemachinetool
III.Fillintheblankineachsentencewithanappropriateprefixorsuffix.
1._______organicchemistryisthescientificstudyofchemicalsubstanceswhichdonotcontaincarbon.
2.Thecoreofanuclearreactorishighly_________active.
3._________therapyisamethodoftreatingpeoplewithparticulardiseasesorinjuriesbymakingthemexerciseinwater.
4.Thiskindofdrinkisrecommendedtothepatientbythedoctorbecauseitiscaffeine-________.
5.Thepilotsareguidedbyan_______redopticalsystemthatshowsimagesclearlyevenatnight.
6.Therailwaysystemthathasasinglerail,orthetrainthattravelsalongitistechnicallycalled__________rail.
7._________dynamicsisthesciencewhichstudiesthemovementofgasesandthewaysolidbodies,suchasaircraft,movethroughthem.
8.Accordingtothisreport,inthelast50yearstherehasbeena33-_______increaseintheamountofpesticideusedinfarming.
9.Oppositetothe_______centricmodelofthesolarsystem,Copernicussuggestedamodelinwhichthesunwascentral.
10.Thiskindofmaterialisoftenusedformakingtentsbecauseitisweather_______;inotherwordsitdoesnotallowwindorraintogothrough.
11.Thecompaniesarepouringmillionsofdollarsinto_______technologyresearch,especiallyforpharmaceuticalsandnewseeds.
12.Sometypesof_________bioticareusedtopromotegrowthinfarmanimals.
IV.TranslatethefollowingtermsintoChinese.
1.powerstation2.fossilfuel3.sunspot4.spaceprobe
5.ballbearing6.wormgear7.spaceshuttle8.treering
9.centrifugalgovernor10.cardiacperformance
VI.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.Payattentiontotheuseofsemi-technicalwords.
1.Itisobviousthat