English grammar series noteWord文件下载.docx

English grammar series noteWord文件下载.docx

《English grammar series noteWord文件下载.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《English grammar series noteWord文件下载.docx（15页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

canstandaloneasasentencebecauseisexpressesacompletethought.

E.g.EuropaisonethemoonsofJupiter.木卫二

2.Subordinateclause:

can’tstandaloneasasentencebecauseitdoesn’texpressacompletethought.

Asubordinateclauseusuallystartwithasubordinatingconjunction:

If,after,becauseandsoon.

E.g.BecauseEuropahasoceansfilledwithwater,liketheEarth

Typeofsentencestructures:

1.Simplesentence:

consistofoneindependentclause

E.g.lifemayexitonEuropa.

2.Compoundsentence:

containstwoormoreindependentclausejoinedeitherbyacomma逗号andacoordinatingconjunction连词,orbyasemicolon分号.

E.g.manyastronomersbelieveinextraterrestriallife,butothersdisagree.

两个独立的Independentclause，but是coordinatingconjunction

3.Complexsentence:

containsanindependentclauseandoneormoresubordinateclause

E.g.ifextraterrestriallikeiseverdiscovered（Subordinateclause）,itwillchangehumanhistory（Independentclause）.

4.Compound-complexsentencecontainstwoormoreindependentclausesandoneormoresubordinateclauses

E.g.althoughnosignoflifeonotherworldshasyetbeenfound（Subordinateclause）,thesearchcontinues（Independentclause）,andmanypredictsuccess（Independentclause）..

Grammaticalerrors:

Asubordinateclausecannotstandaloneasasentence-thatisasentencefragment.

Arun-onsentence-includestwoormoreindependentclausesthatarejoinedonlybyacommaorbynothingatall.

E.g.Visitthecitysciencemuseum,you’llseesomefascinatingexhibitsaboutouterspace.在comma后加and.或将comma变成；

Part2

Verbs:

averbexpressesactiondonebeortothesubject,oritexpressastateofbeingofthesubject.

Nouns:

anounnamesaperson,aplace,athing,oranidea.

Commonnouns:

student,city,month

Propernouns:

Barbara,Cleveland,May

SingularNouns:

sofa,man,child,leaf

PluralNouns:

sofas,men,children,leaves

Pronouns:

apronountakestheplaceofanounoragroupofnouns.E.g.he,she,itwhich,who

Adjective:

Anadjectivemodifiesanounorapronoun.Theadjectivecancomeafteraverbofbeing.

Articles:

aarticleintroducesanoun.

E.g.Iwouldlikeanappleforlunch.An=indefinitearticle

Iwouldliketheappleforlunch.The=definitearticle.

Adverbs

Anadverbmodifiesaverb,oranadjective,oranotheradverb.

Adverbsoftenendin–ly,butnotalways.

Prepositions

Prepositionsarealwaysfollowedbyanounorapronoun（mostoftenanoun）-thatcombinationofwordsiscalledaprepositionalphrase.

E.g.inmyhouse,formysister,belowtheequator,throughthetunnel,accordingto,insteadof,priorto

Conjunction

Coordinatingconjunctions:

And,but,or,nor,for,yet,so.

Subordinatingconjunctions：

If

Difference：

Acoordinatingconjunctionjoinstwothingsthataremoreorlessequalinimportance.

Asubordinatingconjunctionjoinsandindependentclauseandaclausewhichissubordinate.

Correlativeconjunctions:

Correlativeconjunctionscomeinpairs.

Both…and,either…or,notonly…butalso

Interjections

Aninterjectionexpressesastrongemotion,andisnotgrammaticallyconnectedtotherestofthesentence.

Gosh!

Yikes!

Hooray!

Part3

Threemainverbs：

1.Transitiveverbexpressesactionthatpassesfromthesubjectoftheverbtoanobjectoftheverb.

E.g.Omartypedtheletter.

2.Intransitiveverbsexpressactionthatdoesnothaveanobject.

E.g.Elliotslept.Jacqueslaughed.

3.Linkingverbsexpressesastateofbeing.Itlinksthesubjecttoanotherwordinthesentence.

E.g.be,act,appear,seem,taste,turn

Directobject:

E.g.Derekapplaudedtheband.

Dawnboughtablouseandapairofshoes.

Indirectobject:

E.g.Andreatoldhermotherthegoodnews.

Objectofaprepositionalphase

E.g.Reytoldastorytohislittlesister.

Subjectcomplements

Asubjectacomplementisanoun,apronoun,oranadjectivethatfollowalinkingverbandrefersto,describes,ormodifiesthesubject.

1.Anounasasubjectcomplements

E.g.VirginiaWoolfWasanovelist.

2.Apronounasasubjectcomplements

E.g.Theworld‘sgreatestbullfighterishe.是he不是him语法。

当作pronoun时，要用he.

E.g.who’sthere?

It’sI.

3.Anadjectiveasasubjectcomplement

E.g.Sandralookedhappy.

4.Compoundsubjectcomplements

E.g.MyfavoritesportsteamsaretheDenverNuggetsandtheColoradoRockies.

Part4

Fourprincipalpartsofanyverb:

1.Theinfinitive不定式

2.Thepresentparticiple现在分词

3.Thepast过去式

4.Thepastparticiple过去分词

Sixmostimportantverbtenses:

1.Presenttense:

describesactionhappennow

2.Pasttense:

describesactionhappeninginthepast.

3.Futuretense

4.Presentperfecttense:

happeninginthepastuptothepresent.

5.Pastperfecttense:

happeninginthepastbeforesomeotherpast-tenseaction.

E.g.hehadcookeddinnerwhensuddenlyhedoorbellrang.在铃响之前，他在做饭。

6.Futureperfecttense:

happeninginthefuturebeforesomeotherfuture-tenseaction.

Usingverbtensescorrectly:

1.BeforeIcookeddinner,Ihadwalkedthesupermarket.

First,Ihadwalkedtothesupermarket.

Second,Icookeddinner.

2.AfterMiguelsingsasong,Annalisawilldanceforus.

First,Miguelsings.

Second,Annalisawilldance.

3.Youwillcompleteyourstudiesnextspring;

bythen,youwillhaveattendedoverninetyhoursofclasses.（inthefuture,priortoafuturetenseevent=futureperfecttense）

Pasttense

Pastperfecttense

Present

Futureperfecttense

Futuretense

Moreexamples:

1.Whensheappliedforherjobattheairline,DianestatedthatshehadservedintheU.S.AirForce.

Theirregularverbs：

（norules）

Commonmistakes:

Henribroughthisgirlfriendtothemovies.

Mariahasdrivenataxiforthepasttwomonths.

Bytonight,Iwillhavedonealltheresearchformyreport.

1.Lieandlay

Lieisanirregularverbthatisintransitive不及物,ittakesnodirectobject.

Layisanirregularverbthatistransitive，italwaystakesadirectobject.

Lie躺/说谎

Lay放置

Theinfinitive

Lie

lay

Thepresentparticiple

lying

Laying

Thepast

Laid

Thepastparticiple

lain

Example

Iwilllieonthesofa.

Iwilllaymybooksonthetable

Thesubjunctivemood虚拟语气

1.Toexpressaformalrequestorrecommendationinaclausebeginningwiththeword“that”.Thesubjunctivemoodoftheverbisformedthesamewayastheinfinitiveorbasicformoftheverb.

E.g.sheaskedthattheworkerscompletetheirreportsbytheendoftheday.

2.Todescribeanunrealordoubtfulcondition.often,thisisinaclausebeginningwiththeword”if“.Inthepresent,thesubjunctivemoodverblooksthesameasthepasttenseoftheverb.Inthepast,thesubjunctivemoodverblooksthesameasthepastperfecttenseoftheverb.

E.g.IfIhadamilliondollars,Iwouldtravelaroundtheworld.

Ifhehadleftthestartingblockfaster,hewouldhavewontherace.

Part5

KindsofPronoun

1.Personalpronounsrefertothepersonspeakingthepersonbeingspokento,orthepersonorthingbeingspokenabout.

Pronounscanbeeithersingularorplural.“You“aresingularandplural.

Personalpronounsalwaystakeoneofthreecases:

1.1Thesubjectivecase

I,you,he,she,itwe,they

1.2Theobjectivecase

Me,you,him,her,it,us,them

1.3Thepossessivecase

Twowaystousepossessivecasepronouns:

1.3.1likeanadjective,tomodifyanoun

My,your,his,her,our,their

1.3.2Standingalone,andnotmodifyinganoun

Mine,yours,hers,ours,theirs

E.g.themechanicaskedDr.Cheniftheviolininthebackseatwashis.

2.Aninterrogative疑问pronounintroducesaquestion.

E.g.Who,whom,whose,which

Anindefinitepronounreferstoanunspecifiedperson,place,thing,oridea.

E.g.all,anyone,anything,both,each

Arelativepronounisusedtointroduceasubordinateclause.

E.g.anindependentclausecanstandaloneasasentence–asubordinateclausecannot.

E.g.who,whom,which,that

E.g.SeanConnerywasthefirstactorwhoportrayedthesecretagentJamesBond.（Asubordinateclause）

Tricky:

1.Usingthepronounswhoandwhom

Whoisinthesubjectivecaseandmustbeusedasthesubjectofaverb.Whomisintheobjectivecase

2.Thanoras

EduardoisbetterdancerthanI.<

am,omitted>

Mydogbarksatmysisterasmuchas<

hebarksat>

me.

PART6

Singularandplural

Singularwordsrefertooneperson,place,thing,oridea.

Pluralnounsareusuallyformedbyadding“s”or“es”tothesingularform.

Exceptions:

man---men,woman---women,child---children,leaf---leaves

Indefinitepronouns:

1.Alwayssingular:

each,one,neither,anybody,somebody,nobody,anyone.

2.Alwaysplural:

both,few,may,others,

3.SingularorpluralSanampronouns:

some,any,none,all,most

e.g.Someofpiewaseaten.Someofthestudentswerelate.

TIP:

1.Howtotellifthesanampronounissingularorplural:

Lookattheprepositional介词phrasethatfollowsthesanampronoun.判断是用复数还是单数，取决于介词词组是单数还是复数。

2.Thecollectivenoun:

group,team,class,flockcommittee,family

2.1Whenthe