英美概况真题.docx

英美概况真题.docx

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英美概况真题

Chapter1Philosophyofwesterncivilization

Twotypes:

1、6mostimportantcharacteristicsof

（1）Thales泰利斯

（2）Mathematicalideas

（3）Mathematics“PythagoreanTheory”勾股定理

（4）Conceptofchangingsaying……

（5）“OnNature”

（6）Atoms“AtomicTheory”

2、Greats

（1）CityofOlympicGames

（2）Cityofphilosophy

3、Great~ersSocrates

（1）norms

（2）humanreason

Knowledge:

a.innate

b.empirical

（3）QandAntechnique

Plato:

（1）Plato’stheoryIdealism:

humanreason

（pillarofwesternphilosophy）（concept）

（2）newconcept“Society”——“TheRepublic”

Aristotle:

（1）physicalsenses（experiment）

Substanceandform

（2）“method”:

syllogism

（3）Geocentrictheory

476AD1100——1500AD

TheMiddleAgestheMedievalperiod

ChristianityChristiandominatedear

JesusChrist

“theology”

TheRenaissance——rebirthofknowledgehuman

PrecursoroftheModernAge

EnlightenmentoftheModernAge

TheModernAgesTrend:

WesternEurope

America

Chapter2GeographyoftheUnitedKingdom

.Position

.Location:

locatedoffthenorthwestcoastofEurope.It’sNorthandEastfacetoNorthsea.It’sWestandSouthfacetoAtlanticOcean.

2.Constituents:

ItconsistsofEngland,Scotland,WalesandNorthernIreland.

3.TwomajornationalIreland:

Highlandandlowland.

4.Capitals:

England——London,Scotland——Edinburgh,Wales——Cardiff,NorthernIreland——Belfast

.ClimateandWeather

Warminwinterandcoolinsummer.TheNorthAtlanticDriftCurrentrainfallandfog.

.Theimportantriversandlakes

TheSevernriver,LochNess,ClydeRiverLoughs,LakeDistric,theThamesriver,theBroads.

.majornaturalresources

CoalincentralNorthernIreland,oilandgas,land.

.Information

1.fullname:

theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland

2.nationalsong:

GodsavetheQueen

3.nationalflag

theUnionflag/Jack

4.peopleandlanguage

EnglishScots,WelshandIrish,English

5.G.M.T

G.M.T=GreenwichMeanTime

Chapter3HistoryoftheUnitedKingdom

.PrehistorytoNormanConquest

TheHadrian’sWall:

Ittooksixyearstobuild.

It’s118.3kmand80Romanmilesand73miles.

It’sthesecondlongestwallintheworld.

It’susedtodefeatandkeepbacktheScots.

Nowadays,it’sthelegacyculture.

Heptarchy:

ItreferstotheAnglo-Saxon.

Atthattimeexistedsevenkingdoms.ThesewereWessexandSussexandEssexwhichlocatedinSouthern,MerciaandNorthumbriaandEastAngliawhichlocatedinSoutheast.AndamythologysaidthattheKingArthurunitedtheGreatBritain.TheGermanictribesincluded3:

TheJutes,theAnglesandtheSaxons.

AlfredtheGreat:

HewasthefatherofGB’sNavy.HebuiltalotofboatsalongthecoasttoagainsttheVikingandDanishinvasionoftheNorthernEurope.HewasoneofthesevenkingsofAnglo-SaxonofWessex.

Inpeacetime:

Heencouragededucationandintroducedthelegalsystem.

William:

HewasthedukeofNormandyinFrance.

WilliamtheConqueroralsocalledWilliam

.

In1066,helandedhisarmytoinvadetheGBandsucceeded.

Thefamousbattle:

HastingsOnDecember25,1066,hewascrownedWilliam

atWestminsterAbbey.

AlsoheestablishedtheNormangovernmentandfeudalsystem.

AndtheGBwentintofeudalsysteminhistory.

.TheMakingoftheNation

1066

（fromtheNormanthebeginning17century）

ConquesttotheRenaissanceinEngland.

一.FeudalBritain

a.HouseofNormandy（1066——1154）

William

and

Henry

and

b.thePlantagenetDynasty（1154——1189）

Henry

’sreform:

fourpoints/contributions

（1）expandingrightsoftheCommonLawtoallEnglishmenmeansLords

（2）introducingthejurysystem

（3）reforming“assizesession”

（4）reformingthechurchcourts

c.theLancastrianDynasty（1399——1461）

Henry

Lancaster——redroses

d.theYorkistsDynasty（1461——1485）

Edward

York——whiteroses

a——d:

therewerealotofwarsbetweencandddynasty

1.themostimportantwartheWarofRoses（1455——1485）

thepurposeofthewar:

（1）thoseLordswantedtoconquermorelandforthemselves

（2）theseLordswantedtokeepprivatearmiesforthemselves

2.theoriginofParliament（1265）

SimondeMontfort:

（Frenchnoblemen）marryHenry

’ssister

HebecomeanEnglish.

HesethimselfasaleaderofEnglishmenagainstGermanyand

Frencharmy.

Hechanged/summonthebodyofCommonLawcounciltotheParliament.

TheCrown

——HouseofLords

Lords

2knights——shires

——HouseofCommon

2citizens——town

Theparliament1265isconcernedtheoriginofparliamentnowadays.

3.“MagnaCarta”latecalledtheGreatCharterwasdesignedonJune15,1215byKingJohn（asonofHenry

）.

HewasforcedbytheLordshadpreparedtosigntheMagnaCarta.WhytheLordssigntheMagnaCarta?

（thepurpose）ToprotectEnglishparticularandcivillibertiesforallEnglishmen（Lords）.

Theimportanceofthe~~

（1）thekingwassubjecttothelaw

（2）thekingwasforcedtoobservethelaw

（3）thisisthefoundationoflibertyforallEnglishmen

e.theTudorDynasty（1485——1603）

Henry

——Elizabeth

BeginnerLast

（1485——1509）remarkablekinghiscontribution

（1）PrivyCouncil（thebeginningtheCabinet内阁）whoweretheadviserswhogavesuggestionstothekingtomakejudgement.

（2）reformsonLawsandcounts

（3）encouragehometrade内贸

Elizabeth

（1558——1603）课本P63

ShesucceededthethroneinNov.1558andwasisthepositionofqueenfor45years.DuringtheElizabethage,shemadealotofcontributions.

（1）Shefoughtoffrivalsfromdifferentkings.

（2）Literaryfieldgreatwriterscameintobeing.

（3）SheexpandedEnglandpowersoverseasandbyexpansiontheregionscolonization,internationaltradestomakethecountrymuchmorepowerful.

Shedevotedallherlifeinthecountryandshewasnevermarried.Soshealsocanbeentitled“VirginQueen”.

二.TheTransitionperiodfromafeudalcountrytoanimperialistone.

三.TheRenaissanceinEngland（1450——1600）

1.RenaissanceinEngland:

（1）RenaissanceinaFrenchwordwhichisusedtodescribetherebirthofknowledge.

（2）ItwasfirstformallyusedbyItalianscholarstoexpresstherediscoveryoftheancientGreekandRomanculture.

（3）UsetermRenaissancegreatvarietyofchangesthatEuropeculturepoliticaleconomic.

2.Somefeature:

（1）thelatenessoftheimpactoftheRenaissanceintheEuropeancontinent.

（2）theRenaissanceinEnglandhaditscultureindependenceoftheRenaissanceinEuropeancontinent.

（3）theliteraryformismoreartisticratherphilosophyandscotly.

（4）thecoincidingoftheRenaissanceandtheReformationsindifferentfield,whileintheEuropeancontinenttheReformationfollowedRenaissance.

（5）GeoffreyChaucer课本P55

Hemadegreatcontributiontolanguage.Hisbook“TheCanterburyTales”madethelanguageindifferentdialectsintoatypicalEnglishlanguage.

3.Literary

Poetry:

Spenser,hispoem“FearieQueen”wasanodetotheElizabeth

.

Drama:

MarloweDonneJohnsonandWilliamShakespeare.

Prose:

SirWalterRaleighwasrememberedbecausehisfirstbroughttobaccoandpotatoes.FrancisBacon“theEssays”.

4.Humanism人文主义

ThegreatestEnglishhumanistwasSirThomas.Hisfamouswork“Utopia”gavethepraisesoflifeandattackedthesocialevils.

.TheFoundingofBritishEmpire（1688——）

Capitalprimitiveaccumulation资本积累

colonization,expansion,international（trades）

BeforeBritishbecameEmpire（1603——1688）

Theprocessathome,throughthefourstages:

（1）StanrtsDynasty（1603——1649）

（2）thetwocivilwars（1642——1648）

（3）thecommonwealth（1649——1653）

（4）theGloriousRevolution1688

TheBourgeoisRevolutionpersonofmiddleclassofthesociety:

merchantsbankers,loaners…

1.thecauseoftheBourgeoisRevolution:

Duringthehalfof17century,thecapitalistdevelopedrapidlysuchascoalmining,clothmaking.

ThetextileindustrydevelopedveryquicklywhichresultedinalotofBourgeois.

Buttherulingclasswasstillfeudalistnobilitywiththekingofthehead.Sothecapitalistsandfeudalistnobilityconflictwitheachother.Bourgeoiswantedtocontrol.

2.theimportantofBourgeoisRevolution:

（1）abolitionofkingspowerandBourgeoistookplacethepower

（2）differentindustrydevelopedquickly

（3）manytownsandcitiescameup

.EnglandinRevolution

1.BourgeoisRevolution

2.IndustrialRevolution（1688——）课本P83

a.backgroundtotheIndustrialRevolution

（1）theIRinBritishisanecessaryresultofsocialdevelopment

Means:

after2civilwarsduring17century

（2）EnclosureMovement（Cottageindustry）

Whichmadethefoodproductionmoreefficientandmadealotofsurpluspopulationaswell.Theyhadcomeintocityfortheirlivingwhichmadetheindustrydevelop.Andthefirstdevelopinweavingfield.

（3）BecauseoftheElizabeth

poweroverseas,thecolonization（colonialexpansion）wasacompanyingwithdevelopmentInternationaltrades.

（4）Britainfinishedalotofcapitalaccumulation.

b.theProcessofIR

（1）thecrucialdevelopmentinIRuseofsteamforpower

（2）thegreaterinventedsteamenginein1769ofJamesWattwhichmarkedthehighpointofIR

（3）Newstage

TheexpansionofIndustryproductionmadetransportationdevelopmentfastandStephensonbuiltthelocomotivein1814andthismarkedthebeginningofnewstageofIR

c.theeffectorsignificantorsignificantimportanceofIR

（1）theIRturnedBritainintotheworkshopoftheworldandalotofBritishproductsfloodedineverycornerofworld.

（2）theIRsimplifythesocialclassstructureinBritain,putmiddleclassintodominantposition.

Middleclassequal（Industrialandcommercial）

（4）themajorcenterofEnglandchangedalotmovedfromSouthtotheNorthand

EastandmadealotofcitiesinNorthandEastdevelopalotinIndustry,manyindustrialcitiesinNorthan