国际商法复习重点整理.docx
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国际商法复习重点整理
国际商法复习重点整理
考试题型:
选择题10*2=20判断题10*1=10名词解释5*5=25简答题3*6=18案例分析6*2=12
论述15
1.Legalsystem(两种法律体系的区别和特点)
Civillawsystem:
1)statutorylaw,basedonaprehensivecode
2)France,Germany,Switzerlandetc
3)emphasizetheimportanceofwrittenlaw
4)casehasnolegalvalidity
monlawsystem:
1)derivedfromcustom,usageandcourtdecisionorcourt-establishedlaw
2)England,USA,Canadaetc
3)evolvesthroughcaseprecedent,bindingthelater
2.Incoterms2000(theInternationalRulesfortheInterpretationofTradeTermsrevisedin2000byInternationalChamberofmerce)
UCP600(theUniformCustomsandPracticeformercialDocumentaryCreditsrevisedin2007byInternationalChamberofmerce)(了结)
3.LegalCharacteristicsofcorporation:
(1)OwnershipofProperty
(2)Independentlegalpersonality/status
(3)Centralizedmanagement
(4)LimitedLiability:
shareholderssharelimitedliabilitytotheextentofcapitalcontribution
4.ClassificationofCorporation(比较和区别这两种公司)
(1)CorporationwithLimitedLiability
a.thenumberofshareholdersconfinedbylawandregulation
b.stocksnotissuedandcouldnotbefreelytransferred
(Transferofstocksbestrictlyrestricted.Underthesamecondition,othershareholdersown
c.priorityinbuyingthisstock.Thus,therelationshipbetweenshareholdersismuchstable)shareholdersassumelimitedliabilitytocorporation
d.evidentcharacteristicofpersonalclosure
(2)CorporationLimitedbyShares
a.thenumberofshareholdersnotlimited,usuallymultitudinous
b.thetotalcapitaldividedintoequalstock
c.stockbepubliclyissuedandcouldbefreelytransferredaccordinglaw
d.therightofownershipandthatofoperationbeseparate
e.thescaleismuchbiggerthanthatofcorporationwithlimitedliability
5.(比较子公司和分公司区别)
Subsidiary:
(1)legalperson;
(2)independentlyassumecivilresponsibility,althoughbecontrolledsomewhatbyparentcorporation.
Branch:
(1)withnolegalpersonstatus;
(2)itscivilresponsibilitybeassumedbythehomecorporation
(最主要的区别:
子公司是独立的法人,分公司不是独立法人)
6.Merger:
()比较吸收合并和新设合并的区别
(1)mergerbyamalgamation(吸收合并)
Whenacorporationhasanothercorporationamalgamatedwithit,itismergerbyamalgamation,andtheamalgamatedcorporationshallbedissolved
(2)mergerbynewestablishment(新设合并)
Whentwoormorecorporationsmergetoestablishanewcorporation,itismergerfornewestablishment,andallpartiesbeingmergedshallbedissolved
(whencorporationsmerge,theclaimsanddebtsofallthepartiestothemergershallbesucceededtobythecorporationthatcontinuestoexistafterthemergerorbythenewlyestablishedcorporation.)
7.ApplicabilityofCISG
(1)Thecontractisforthemercialsaleofgoods;
(2)ItisbetweenpartieswhoseplacesofbusinessareindifferentStates(nationalityorcitizenshipofindividualsisnotadeterminingfactor);
8.Reservation(中国对CISG做的两项保留)
a.thereservationtowardstheapplicablescopeofCISG:
ChinaagreesthatCISGshallbelimitedlyappliedtoacontractofsaleenteredintobyandbetweenthepartieswhosebusinesspremisesarelocatedinthecontractingStatesofCISG,don’tagreetoexpandtheapplicablescopeofCISGinaccordancewiththeconflictrules;
b.thereservationtowardstheformofacontract.
9.StructureandScopeofPICC
Eacharticleisacpaniedby
(1)mentsandwhereappropriateby
(2)factualillustrationsintendedtoexplainthereasonsfortheblackletterruleandthedifferentwaysinwhichitmayoperateinpractice.
10.ContractualCapacity
(1)monLaw
therearethreeclassesofpersonswhoarenotconsideredtohavesufficientcapacitytobeboundbythecontract:
a.Minors(typicallyunder18)
b.MentallyImpairedorInpetentPersons
c.DrunkPersons
(2)China
Therearethreeclassesofcapacity:
a.Fullcapacity(age18orabove,adult)
b.Limitedcapacity(aminoraged10orabove;amentallyillpersonwhoisunabletofullyaccountforhisownconduct)
c.Nocapacity(aminorundertheage10;amentallyillpersonwhoisunabletoaccountforhisownconduct)
(判断:
minor都是限制行为人。
错)
11.Offer
AnOfferisastatementbyonepartytoanotherindicatinganintentiontoenterintoacontractonspecifiedterms.
ChinaContractLawdefinethatanofferisanintentindicationshowingthedesiretoenterintoacontractwithothers
12.WithdrawalandRevocationofOffer(区分撤消和撤回)
Beforeanofferbeeseffective,theofferorcanwithdrawtheoffer;Afteranofferbeeseffective,theofferorcanrevoketheoffer.
13.CISG和我国合同法的对比(不可撤消情形)
CISG
a.ifitindicates,whetherbystatingafixedtimeforacceptanceorotherwisethatitisirrevocable;or
b.ifitwasreasonablefortheoffereetorelyontheofferasbeingirrevocableandtheoffereehasactedinrelianceontheoffer.
ChinaContractLaw
a)theofferorhasspecifiedatimelimitfortheacceptanceorhasexplicitlyindicatedinanyothermannertheirrevocabilityoftheoffer;b)therearegroundsfortheoffereetomaintaintheirrevocabilityoftheofferandtheoffereehasmadepreparationsforthefulfillmentofthecontract.
14.RequirementsofAcceptance
a.Anacceptancemustbemadebytheofferee;
b.Anacceptancemustbemunicatedtotheofferororhisagent;
c.Anacceptancemustbemadewithintheperiodofvalidity(lateacceptanceisacounteroffer)
d.Anacceptancemustmatchthetermsoftheofferexactlyandunequivocally
15.Consideration
Considerationisoneofthethreeelementsofcontractformationinmonlaw.Itissomebenefitreceivedbyapartywhogivesapromiseorperformsanact,orsomedetrimentsufferedbyapartywhoreceivesapromise.Inanotherword,considerationiswhatisactuallygivenoracceptedinreturnforapromise
16.了解哪种法律使用哪种主义
a.Underthemonlawsystem,acontractisformedwhentheacceptanceisdispatchedbytheofferee.Thetimeofdispatchisthetimetheletterisputintothehandsofthepostalauthorities,whichisknownas“Mail-boxrule”.(投邮主义)
b.Undermostcivillawstates,theReceipttheoryisused。
(到达主义)
17.PromissoryEstoppel(禁止反言,考名词解释)
a.Thedoctrineofpromissoryestoppelpreventsonepartyfromwithdrawingapromisemadetoanotherpartyifthelatterhasreasonablyreliedonthatpromiseandacteduponittohisdetriment
b.Estoppelisanequitabledoctrinethatprovidesforthecreationoflegalobligationsifapartyhasgivenanotheranassuranceandtheotherhasreliedontheassurancetohisdetriment
18.AccordingtointerpretationbytheSupremeCourtofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,substantialmisunderstandingrefersto
a.Misunderstandingtothenatureofcontract;
b.Misunderstandingtotheotherparty;
c.Misunderstandingtothequalityofthecontractedobject;
d.Misunderstandingtotheassortmentofthecontractedobject;
e.Misunderstandingtothepriceandexpenses
19.standardterms
“Standardclauses”meanstheclausesthatareformulatedinanticipationbyapartyforthepurposeofrepeatedusageandthatarenotaresultofconsultationwiththeotherpartyinthemakingofthecontract.”
20.DefenseforPerformDenial
ChinaContractLawprovidesthreekindsofdefensefordenialtoperformhis/herduties:
thecounterargumentrightforsimultaneousperformance(同时履行抗辩权),rightofpleaagainsttheperformanceinadvance(后履行抗辩权),counterargumentrightforsecurity(不安抗辩权).
21ImpossibilityofPerformance
ChinaContractLaw
Art.110ofChinaContractLawallowsnon-performancewhenimpossibilityofperformanceexits,
“Ifeitherpartyfailstodischargenon-pecuniarydebtorfailstodischargenon-pecuniarydebtascontracted,theotherpartymaydemandthedischarge,exceptinanyofthefollowingsituations:
(a)legallyorpracticallythedischargeisimpossible;
(b)thetargetedmatterofthedebtisunsuitableforapulsorydischargeortooexpensiveforthedischarge;or
(c)thecreditordoesnotdemandthedischargewithinareasonableperiodoftime
ForceMajeure(不可抗力)
Thecontractlawgivesadefinitiononforcemajeure,“Forcemajeuremeansobjectivesituationswhichcannotbeforeseen,avoidedorovere.”
22.AnticipatoryBreach(预期违约,考名词解释)
Onecontractingpartymayinformtheotherparty,beforethetimefixedforperformanceunderthecontract,thathewillnotperformhisobligationsunderthecontract.Inthissituation,theinnocentpartyisentitledtoterminateperformanceofthecontractimmediately.
ChinaContractLawprovidesbothexplicitandimplicitanticipatorybreach,ifeitherpartyexplicitlyexpressesorindicatesbyactitsintentionnottoperformitsobligationsunderthecontract,theotherpartymay,beforetheexpirationoftheperiodoffulfillment,demandthatthepartyinquestionbeartheliabilityforbreachofcontract.
23.Charterparties(主观题)
a.VoyageCharterparties
Voyagecharterpartiesmeansthatachartererhiresashipanditscrewforthecarriageofgoodsfromoneplacetoanother.Theowneragreestoprovideashipatanamedportandtocarrythegoodstothecontracteddestination
b.TimeCharterparties
Thechartererusesashipforastatedperiodoftime.Hecandirecttheshiptoproceedtowhereveritisneeded.
Thecharterernormallypays“hire”monthly,theshipownerwillbeentitledtowithdrawtheshipifamonthlyinstallmentisnotpaidpromptly.
c.CharterpartiesbyDemise
alsobareboatcharterpartyinAmericanlaw,meansthatthechartererobtainspossessionandcontroloftheshipandputsinhisownmasterandcrew.
24.BillofLading(名词解释)
Abillofladingisadocumentissuedbyacarriertoashipperwithwhomthecarrierhasenteredintoacontractforthecarriage