雅思阅读社会与人文类3.docx

雅思阅读社会与人文类3.docx

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雅思阅读社会与人文类3

11.SouthPoleAdventurer IntheracetotheSouthPole,therewasaJapaneseteamattemptingtobefirst,ledbyheroicexplorerNobuShirase.

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?

Inboxes1-8onyouranswersheet,write

TRUE ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation

FALSE ifthestatementcontradictstheinformation

NOTGIVEN ifthereisnoinformationonthis

FORafewweeksinJanuary1912,Antarcticawasfullofexplorers.NorwegianRoaldAmundsenhadreachedtheSouthPoleon14Decemberandwasspeedingbacktothecoast.On17January,RobertScottandthemenoftheBritishAntarcticexpeditionhadarrivedatthepoletofindtheyhadbeenbeatentoit.Justthen,athirdmanarrived;JapaneseexplorerNobuShirase.However,hispartinoneofthegreatestadventurestoriesofthe20thcenturyishardlyknownoutsidehisowncountry,evenbyfellowexplorers.YetasScottwasnearingthepoleandwiththerestoftheworldstillunawareofAmundsen’striumph,ShiraseandhisteamsailedintoAntarctica’sBayofWhalesinthesmallestshipevertotryitsluckinthesedangerouswaters.

SinceboyhoodShirasehaddreamedofbecomingapolarexplorer.LikeAmundsen,heinitiallysethissightsontheNorthPole.ButaftertheAmericanRobertPearyclaimedtohavereacheditin1909,bothmenhastilyalteredtheirplans.Insteadtheywouldaimforthelastbigprize:

theSouthPole.InJanuary1910,ShiraseputhisplansbeforeJapanesegovernmentofficials,promisingtoraisetheflagattheSouthPolewithinthreeyears.Formanyofthem,thequestionwasn'tcouldhedoitbutwhywoulditbeworthdoing?

15yearsearliertheInternationalGeographicalCongresshadsaidthatasthelastunknowncontinenttheAntarcticofferedthechancetoaddtoknowledgeinalmosteverybranchofscience.So,liketheBritish,Shirasepresentedhisexpeditionasasearchforknowledge:

hewouldbringbackfossils,makemeteorologicalmeasurementsandexploreunknownpartsofthecontinent.

Theresponsefromthegovernmentwascool,however,andShirasestruggledtoraisefunds.Fortunately,afewmonthslater,Japan’sformerprimeministerShigenobuOkumacametoShirase’srescue.WithOkuma’sbacking,Shirasegottogetherjustenoughmoneytobuyandequipasmallship.Heeventuallyacquiredascientist,too,calledTerutaroTakeda.AttheendofNovember1910,hisshiptheKainanMarufinallyleftTokyowith27menand28Siberiandogsonboard.Beforeleaving,Shiraseconfidentlyoutlinedhisplanstothemedia.HewouldsailtoNewZealand,thenreachAntarcticainFebruary,duringthesouthernsummer,andthenproceedtothepolethefollowingspring.Thiswasnottobe,however.Badweatherdelayedtheexpeditionandtheydidn’treachNewZealanduntil8February;AmundsenandScotthadalreadybeeninAntarcticaforamonth,preparingforwinter.

InNewZealandlocalreporterswereastonished:

theshipwashalfthesizeofAmundsen'sship.True,itwasreinforcedwithironplateandextrawood,buttheshiphadonlythefeeblestenginetohelpforceitswaythroughice.FewdoubtedShirase’scourage,butmostreckonedtheexpeditiontobeill-preparedastheJapanesehadonlylightweightsledgesfortransportacrosstheice,madeofbambooandwood.

ButShirase’sbiggestchallengewastime.AntarcticaisonlyaccessiblebyseaforafewweeksinsummerandexpeditionsusuallyaimedtoarriveinJanuaryorFebruary.‘Evenwiththeirdeterminationanddaring,ourJapanesefriendsarerunningitratherfine,’wrotelocalreporters.Nevertheless,on11FebruarytheKainanMaruleftNewZealandandsailedstraightintotheworstweatherthecaptainhadeverseen.Then,on6March,theyapproachedthecoastlineofAntarctica’sRossSea,lookingforaplacetoland.Theicebegantoclosein,threateningtotrapthemforthewinter,anexperiencenoonewaslikelytosurvive.Witharemarkablepieceofseamanship,thecaptainsteeredtheshipoutoftheiceandturnednorth.Theywouldhavetowaitoutthewinterinawarmerclimate.

Ayearlaterthanplanned,ShiraseandsixmenfinallyreachedAntarctica.CatchingupwithScottorAmundsenwasoutofthequestionandhehadsaidhewouldsticktosciencethistime.YetShirasestillfeltthepullofthepoleandeventuallydecidedhewouldheadsouthwardtoexperiencethethrillsandhardshipsofpolarexplorationhehadalwaysdreamedof.Withprovisionsfor20days,heandfourmenwouldseehowfartheycouldget.

Shirasesetoffon20January1912withTakedaandtwodoghandlers,leavingtwomenattheedgeoftheiceshelftomakemeteorologicalmeasurements.Foraweektheystruggledthroughoneblizzardafteranother,holingupintheirtentsduringtheworstoftheweather.Thetemperaturefellto-25°C,andfrostbiteclaimedsomeofthedogs.On26January,Shiraseestimatedtherewereenoughprovisionstocontinuefortwomoredays.Twodayslater,heannounceditwastimetoturnback.Takedacalculatedtheyhadreached80°5southandhadtravelled250kilometres.ThemenhoistedtheJapaneseflag.

On3February,allthemenwereheadinghome.TheshipreachedTokyoinJune1912-andShirasewasgreetedlikeaherodespitethefactthatheneverreachedthepole.Nordidhecontributemuchtoscience-butthennordidAmundsen,whoseonlyinterestwasinbeingfirsttothepole.YetShirase’sexpeditionwasheroic.Theytravelledbeyond80°south,oneofonlyfourteamstohavegonesofarsouthatthetime.Furthermore,theydiditallwithouttheadvantagesoftheotherteamsandwithnopreviousexperience.

1Shirase’striptotheSouthPoleiswell-knowntootherexplorers.

2SinceShirasearrivedinAntarctica,smallershipshavealsomadethejourney.

3Shirase’soriginalambitionwastotraveltotheNorthPole.

4SomeJapaneseofficialsthoughtShirase’sintentiontotraveltotheSouthPolewaspointless.

5TheBritishteamannouncedtheirdecisiontocarryoutscientificresearchinAntarcticabeforeShirase.

6ShirasefounditeasytoraisethemoneyheneededforhistriptotheSouthPole.

7ApreviousprimeministerofJapanpersuadedascientisttogowithShirase.

8TheweatherthatsloweddownShirase’sprogresstoNewZealandwasunusuallybadfortheseason.

12.WANTTOBEFRIENDS?

 Couldthebenefitsofonlinesocialnetworkingbetoogoodtomissouton?

ReadingPassage3hassevenparagraphs, A-G.

Choosethecorrectheadingforparagraphs B-G fromthelistofheadingsbelow.

Writethecorrectnumber,i-x,inboxes27-32onyouranswersheet.

【A】Formanyhundredsofthousandsofpeopleworldwide,onlinenetworkinghasbecomeenmeshedinourdailylives.However,itisadecades-oldinsightfromastudyoftraditionalsocialnetworksthatbestilluminatesoneofthemostimportantaspectsoftoday’sonlinenetworking.In1973sociologistMarkGranovettershowedhowthelooseacquaintances,orweakties5,inoursocialnetworkexertadisproportionateinfluenceoverourbehaviourandchoices.Granovetter’sresearchshowedthatasignificantpercentageofpeoplegettheirjobsasaresultofrecommendationsoradviceprovidedbyaweaktie.Todayournumberofweak-tiecontactshasexplodedviaonlinesocialnetworking.'Youcouldn’tmaintainallofthoseweaktiesonyourown,'saysJenniferGolbeckoftheUniversityofMaryland,'Onlinesites,suchasFacebook,giveyouawayofcataloguingthem.'Theresult?

It’snowsignificantlyeasierfortheschoolfriendyouhaven'tseeninyearstopassyouatipthataltersyourbehaviour,fromrecommendationofalow-cholesterolbreakfastcerealtoapartyinvitewhereyoumeetyourfuturewifeorhusband.

【B】Theexplosionofweaktiescouldhaveprofoundconsequencesforoursocialstructurestoo,accordingtoJudithDonathoftheBerkmanGenterforInternetandSocietyatHarvardUniversity.'We’realreadyseeingchanges,'shesays.Forexample,manypeoplenowturntotheironlinesocialnetworksaheadofsourcessuchasnewspapersandtelevisionfortrustedandrelevantnewsorinformation.Whattheyhearcouldwellbeinaccurate,butthechangeishappeningnonetheless.Ifthesehuge'supernets'-someofthemnumberingupto5,000people-continuetothriveandgrow,theycouldfundamentallychangethewayweshareinformationandtransformournotionsofrelationships.

【C】Butarethesevastnetworksreallythatrelevanttousonapersonallevel?

RobinDunbar,anevolutionaryanthropologistattheUniversityofOxford,believesthatourprimatebrainsplaceacaponthenumberofgenuinesocialrelationshipswecanactuallycopewith:

roughly150.AccordingtoDunbar,onlinesocialnetworkingappearstobeverygoodfor'servicing'relationships,butnotforestablishingthem.Hearguesthatourevolutionaryrootsmeanwestilldependheavilyonphysicalandface-to-facecontacttobeabletocreateties.

【D】Nonetheless,thereisevidencethatonlinenetworkingcantransformourdailyinteractions.InanexperimentatCornellUniversity,psychologistJeffHancockaskedparticipantstotrytoencourageotherparticipantstolikethemviainstantmessagingconversation.Beforehand,somemembersofthetrialwereallowedtoviewtheFacebookprofileofthepersontheyweretryingtowinover.HefoundthatthosewithFacebookaccessaskedquestionstowhichtheyalreadyknewtheanswersorraisedthingstheyhadincommon,andasresultweremuchmoresuccessfulintheirsocialrelationships.Hancockconcludedthatpeoplewhousethesesitestokeepupdatedontheactivitiesoftheiracquaintancesaremorelikelytobelikedinsubsequentsocialinteractions.

【E】Onlinesocialnetworkingmayalsohavetangibleeffectsonourwell-being.NicoleEllisonofMichiganStateUniversityfoundthat