《欧洲文化入门》教案.docx

《欧洲文化入门》教案.docx

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《欧洲文化入门》教案

ChapterOneGreekCultureandRomanCulture

I.TeachingObjectives

1.gettoknowthehistoricalcontextofancientGreeceandancientRome2.beclearaboutthegreatachievementsofancientGreeksandRomansinvariousfieldssuchasliterature,philosophy,scienceandart.3.understandthesignificanceandimpactofGreekcultureandRomanculture.

II.ThePointstoBeHighlighted

1.DemocracyofancientGreece.

2.3stylesofcolumnsinancientGreekarchitecture.

3.ThegreatestnamesinEuropeanphilosophy----Socrates,PlatoandAristotle4.Impact

（1）.SpiritofInnovation

（2）.SupremeAchievement（3）.Lastingeffect

III.TeachingApproaches

1.Pair/Groupwork2.Discussion3Task-basedapproach4.Communicativeapproach5.Questionsandanswer

IV.BackgroundInformation

1.theParthenon（447—432B.C.）---themostimportantofancientGreekTemplesthefinestmonumentofGreekarchitectureandsculptureinmorethan2000years

V.TeachingProceduresandContents

1.Lead-in（or）Warming-up

HowmuchdoyouknowaboutGreece（ancientormodern）?

DoyouknowwhenthefirstModernOlympicGameswasheld?

Homerwasfamousfortwoepics.Doyouknowwhattheyare?

TherearemanyfamousphilosophersinancientGreece.Couldyounamesomeofthem?

Youmusthaveeverheardofthefollowingsentence,―Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld.‖Doyouknowwhosaidit?

2.SpecificContentsGreekCulture：

A.TheHistoricalContext

（1）.1200B.C.thewarofTroyawarwasfoughtbetweenGreeceandTroy,endinginthedestructionofTroy.

（2）.5thcenturyB.C.Greekculturereachedahighpointofdevelopment.---successfulrepulseofthePersianinvasion---theestablishmentofdemocracy---theflourishingofscience,philosophy,literature,artandhistoricalwritinginAthensThecenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta（3）.Inthesecondhalfofthe4thcenturyB.C.allGreecewasbroughtundertheruleofAlexander,kingofMacedonGreekculturewasspread（4）.In146B.C.theRomansconqueredGreece

B.SocialandPoliticalStructure

Politics---AthenswasademocracyDemocracymeans―exerciseofpowerbythewholepeople.‖But―thewholepeople‖theGreeksmeantonlytheadultmalecitizens.Economy---theeconomyofAthensrestedonanimmenseamountofslavelabour.Farm,workshop,mineTherewasharshexploitationinGreeksocietySports---GreekslovedsportsAbigfestivalonOlympusMountonceevery4year----OlympicGamesModernOlympicGamesrevivedin1896顾拜旦（法）

C.Homer（probablylivedaround700B.C.）

Twoepics:

IliadOdysseusTheyareaboutgreatmenandwarsofaremoterage,probablyintheperiod1200—1100B.C

D.LyricPoetry

Sappho（about612—580B.C.）womanpoet

Sheisnotedforherlovepoemsofpassionateintensity,someofwhichareaddressedtowomen.ShewasconsideredthemostimportantlyricpoetofancientGreece.ManyGreekandLatinwritersknownearlyallherpoemsbyheart.Butinthe10thcenturytheChristianchurchburnedherworks.Onlyfragmentsremain.Twosamples

（1）IcouldnothopeTotouchtheskyWithmytwoarms

（2）IngoldsandalsDawnlikeathief

Felluponme

Pindar（about518—438B.C.）Heisbestknownforhisodescelebratingthevictoriesattheathleticgames,suchasthe14Olympianodes.Pindaralsohadimitators,suchasthe17th-centuryEnglishpoetJohnDryden.

E.Drama

Origin:

performplaysatreligiousfestivals.Develop:

inthe5thcenturyB.C.apowerfuldramadevelopedStates:

open-airtheatres,audiencesatonstonebenchesandlookeddownatthestagefromthreesides,actorsworemasks

Tragedy

Aeschylus（525—456B.C.）Works:

PrometheusBound,Persians,andAgamemnonIntheseplaysthereareonlytwoactorsandachorus.Yettheymanagetostirandmovetheaudiencedeeplybyshowingheroesandheroinesincomplicatedhumansituations,outofwhichthereisnoescapebutdeath.Theplayarewritteninverse.AeschylusisnotedforhisvividcharacterportrayalandmajesticpoetrySophocles（496---406B.C.）Works:

OedipustheKing,Electra《厄勒克特拉》,andAntigone《安提戈涅》.Contribution:

headdedathirdactoranddecreasedthesizeofthechorus.SophodcleshashadastrongimpactonEuropeanliterature.Someofhisplotsweretakenoverandadopedbylaterwriters.TheAustrianpsychiatristSigmundFreud‘sterm―theOedipuscomplex‖wasalsoderivedfromSophocles‘splay.Euripides（484---406B.C.）Works:

Andromache《安德洛玛刻》,Medea《美狄亚》,andTrojanWomen

Comedy

Aristophanes（about450---380B.C.）Works:

Frogs,Clouds,WaspsandBirdsTheseplaysarelooseinplotandsatiricalintone.

F.History

HistoricalwritingstartedearlyinGreece.Herodotus（484---430B.C.）―FatherofHistory‖,hewroteaboutthewarsbetweenGreeksandPersians.Hishistory,fullofanecdotesanddigressionsandlivelydialogue,iswonderfullyreadable.Hekeptalivemanytraditionalstories,whichwerenotalwaysaccurate.Hisobjectinwritingwas―thatthegreatandwonderfuldeedsdonebyGreeksandPersiansshouldnotlackrenown.‖Thucydides（about460---404B.C.）YoungerthanHerodotus,heismoreaccurateasanhistorian.Hetracedeventstotheircausesandbroughtouttheireffects.Hewasneverdull,butwrotewithimaginationandpower.Hewascalled―thegreatesthistorianthateverlived.‖byMacaulay（aneminenthistorian）

G.PhilosophyandScience

TheancientGreekswerecuriousaboutmanythings,includingwhatmadetheuniverse.Theyhad

thespiritoffreeenquiryandwerequitereadytodropestablishedideas,tospeculate,tousetheirimaginationandtoformtheirownconclusions.Theywerealsonotafraidtospeaktheirminds.Pythagoras（about580---500B.C.）hadtheideathatallthingsweremumber.Heracleitue（about540---480B.C.）believedfiretobetheprimaryelementoftheuniverseHealsosaid:

Youcannotsteptwiceintothesameriver.ThesunisneweverydayDemocritus（about460---370B.C.）speculatedabouttheatomicstructureofmatter.Hewasoneoftheearliestexponentsoftheatomictheory.

a.Socrates（about470---399B.C.）detailsintextbookP-23

Thedialecticalmethod---methodofargument,byquestionsandanswers.Greekphilosopherwhoinitiatedaquestion-and-answermethodofteachingasameansofachievingself-knowledge.HistheoriesofvirtueandjusticehavesurvivedthroughthewritingsofPlato,hismostimportantpupil.SocrateswastriedforcorruptingthemindsofAthenianyouthandsubsequentlyputtodeath（399）.苏格拉底希腊哲学家，首创了问答工教学方法，作为获得认识自我的一种方法。

他关于道德和正义的理论，通过柏拉图（他最著名的学生）的著作而得以流传下来。

苏格拉底因被指控毒害雅典年轻人的头脑而受到审判，并因此被处死（公元前339年）。

b.Plato（about428---348B.C.）P-26

Menhaveknowledgebecauseoftheexistenceofcertaingeneral―ideas‖,likebeauty,truth,goodness.Onlythese―ideas‖arecompletelyreal,whilethephysicalworldisonlyrelativelyreal.Forthisreason,Plato‘sphilosophyiscalledIdealism.（唯心主义）Greekphilosopher.AfollowerofSocrates,hefoundedtheAcademy（386）,wherehetaughtandwroteformuchoftherestofhislife.Platopresentedhisideasintheformofdramaticdialogues,asinTheRepublic.柏拉图希腊哲学家，苏格拉底的信徒，他创办了学园（公元前386年），在这里他教书写作度过他余生的大部分时间柏拉图以戏剧对话的形式表述了他的思想，如在理想国中。

c.Aristotle（384---322B.C.）P-27

Greekphilosopher.ApupilofPlato,thetutorofAlexandertheGreat,andtheauthorofworksonlogic,metaphysics,ethics,naturalsciences,politics,andpoetics,heprofoundlyinfluencedWesternthought.Inhisphilosophicalsystemtheoryfollowsempiricalobservationandlogic,basedonthesyllogism,istheessentialmethodofrationalinquiry.亚里士多德希腊哲学家。

柏拉图的学生，亚历山大大帝的教师，他的著述论及逻辑学，形而上学，伦理学，自然科学，政治学和诗学，对西方思想产生了深远影响，在其哲学体系里，理论服从实地观察和逻辑，以三段论为基础，基本上是理性研究的理论方法。

d.ContendingSchoolsofThought

Inthe4thcenturyB.C.,fourschoolsofphilosophersoftenarguedwitheachother.Theywere:

TheCynics犬儒主义gottheirnamebecauseDiogenes.戴奥真尼斯（希腊的哲学家,公主张“简单寡求”的生活，决心像狗一样生活下去。

元前412-323）,oneoftheirleaders,decidedtolivelikeadogandtheword―cynic‖means―dog‖inGreek.Herejectedallconventions---whetherofreligion,ofmanners,dress,housing,food,orofdecency.Headvocatedself-sufficiencyandextremesimplicityinlife.Infact,helivedbybegging.Heproclaimedhisbrotherhood,notonlywiththewholehumanrace,butalsowithanimals.Ontheotherhand,hehadnopatiencewiththerichandpowerful.ThestoryistoldofhowAlexandertheGreatvisitedhimandaskedifhe--6--

wantedanyfavour.―Onlytostandoutofmylight‖,hereplied.TheSceptics怀疑学派（对一切知识持怀疑态度）followedPyrrho（皮洛about360—272B.C.古希腊极端怀疑主义哲学家）,whoheldthatnotallknowledgewasattainable.Henceheandhisfollowersdoubtedthetruthofwhatothersacceptedastrue.TheEpicureans伊壁鸠鲁学派（主张将快乐进行到底）weredisciplesofEpicurus（伊壁鸠鲁341-270B.C.古希腊杰出唯物主义和无神论者）,whobelievedpleasuretobethehighestgoodinlife,butbypleasurehemeant,notsensualenjoyment,butfreedomfrompainandemotionalupheaval.Thishethoughtcouldbeattainedbythepracticeofvirtue.Histeachingwasmisunderstoodbylaterpeopleandtheword―Epicurean‖hascometomeanindulgenceinluxuriousliving.Epicuruswasamaterialist.FollowingDemocritus,hebelievedthattheworldconsistedofatoms.TheStoics斯多葛派（倡导“克己制欲、顺从天命”）wereopposedtotheEpicureans.Tothem,themostimportantthinginlifewasnot―pleasure‖,but―duty‖.Thisdevelopedintothetheorythatoneshouldendurehardshipandmisfortunewithcourage.ThechiefStoicwasZeno（齐诺about335–263B.C.希腊哲学家,斯多葛派的创始人）

e.Science

Euclid欧几里得（约公元前3世纪的古希腊数学家）isevennowwell-knownforhisElement《几何原本》,atextbookofgeometry,perhapsthemostsuccessfultextbookeverwritten,becauseitwasinuseinEnglishschoolsuntiltheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.Archimedes阿基米德（287—212B.C.）