定语从句语法.docx
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定语从句语法
1.定语从句的定义:
用作定语的从句叫定语从句。
2.先行词:
被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。
3.定语从句的位置:
4.引导词
1that/who/whom/which/as
2when/where/why
5.引导词的位置as除外】
6.引导词的功能
1
2关系代词充当主语
7.定语从句的类型
1
①直接由引导词引导定语从句
Themanwhoyou’retalkingtoismyfriend.
②由介词+whom/which
Themantowhomyou’retalkingismyfriend.
IneedapenwithwhichIcanwritealetter.
介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前也可放在从句之尾。
例如
Theman（who/whom/that）ItalkedaboutatthemeetingisfromBeijingUniversity.
Thepalace（which/that）Ioftenpayavisittowasbuiltinthe17thcentury.
=ThepalacetowhichIoftenpayavisitwasbuiltinthe17thcentury.
2
①直接由引导词引导定语从句。
②由介词+whom/which。
Iliveinahousefarawayfromthecity,infrontofwhichisabigtree.
Thereisanappletreestandingatthegate,onwhicharemanyapples.ThisisthemantowhomIgavethebook.
③由“代词/名词+of+whom/which”或“ofwhich/whom+名词/代词”（先行词指
人用whom,指物用which）引导。
One,some,any,none,all,both,several,many,most,neither,either等词、数词、分数或百分比与ofwhom或
ofwhich连用。
Hehasfivechildren,twoofwhomareabroad.
（Hehasfivechildren,andtwoofthemareabroad.）Wehavethreebooks,noneofwhichis/areinteresting.
（Wehavethreebooks,butnoneofthemis/areinteresting.）除why和that不能引导非限定性定语从句外
定性定语从句一样。
但要注意以下区别。
1.在形式上非限定性定语从句与主句有逗号隔开。
2.非限定性定语从句的作用它只是补充说明先行词的情况翻译时可译成两
个句子。
Theengineer,whoselegwasbadlyhurt,wasquicklysenttohospital.
Theengineerwhoselegwasbadlyhurtwasquicklysenttohospital.
3.在非限定性定语从句中任何引导词都不能省略包括引导词在此定语从句
中充当宾语在内。
指人做主语时只能用who,做宾语时用whom;指物做主
语宾语都用which;关系副词用when或where也不能省略。
Theman,______issittingonthechair,ismyfather.
Thewoman,_______Imetyesterday,ismyEnglishteacher.
Thecity,_______isfaraway,isverybeautiful.
HewenttoAmerica,______hisparentslive.
HejoinedtheArmyyesterday,______Ileft,too.
4.whose
Thehouse,whosewindowfacessouth,ismine.
Thehouse,ofwhichthewindowfacessouth,ismine.
二.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法。
1.who/that指人是主格在定语从句中代替先行词
不能省略。
Doyouknowthegentlemanwho/thatissittingthere?
2.whom/who/that指人是宾格在定语从句中代替先行词又作定语从句的宾
语动宾或介宾。
①当作动宾动词后接宾语时关系代词可省略。
Doyouknowthegentleman（whom/who/that）wemetjustnow?
②当作介宾介词后接宾语
介词不提前时
介词提前时关系代词不可省即介词whom（指人时介词后的关系代词只能用whom）。
Theman（whom/who/that）Ispokewithismyteacher.
ThemanwithwhomIspokeismyteacher.
※注固定的动词短语动词+lookfor,takecareof等不能把动词与介词拆开既介词不能提至引导词前。
Sheistherightgirl（who/whom/that）wearelookingfor.
3.whose:
?
的”形式。
Whose+n.一起在定语从句中充当主语、宾语
whose不能省略。
。
Whose+n.=the+n.+of
which/whom=ofwhich/whom+the=n.
Ididn’tfindthedeskwhoselegwasbroken.
HeisthestudentwhosepencilIbrokeyesterday.
ThebossinwhosecompanyIworkisverykind.4.which/that
①
②
which（指物时介词后的关系代词
只能用which）。
Thehousewhich/thatwasdestroyedintheearthquakeisweak.Thepen（which/that）youfoundyesterdayismine.
Thegames（that/which）theyoungmencompetedinweredifficult.Thegamesinwhichtheyoungmencompetedweredifficult.
※注:
介词+关系代词即介词+whom/which（先行词指人用whom
which）。
※5.as
略。
主要用于“the
same?
as?
such?
as?
so?
as?
as?
as?
asfollows”固定结构中
时的引导限定性定语从句。
要用as代替who（m）,which,或that引导定语
SuchpeopleasknewHillthoughthewashonest.
SuchpeopleasHillknewthoughthewashonest.
Myhometownisnolongerthesameasitwas.
Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.
Thechildknowsasmuchasgrow-ups（know）.
I’dliketohavethesamebooksasareusedinyourschool.
HeisnotsuchapersonasIexpected.
Hewillmarryasprettyagirlashecanfind.
which和as
which和as
as/which
Ourteamlostthegame,as/whichwasreportedinthenewspaper.Shewasterrified,as/whichIcouldseefromhereyes.
Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.
①as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中间或放在主
which
引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面。
Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.
MarkTwinisagreatwriter,which/asisknowntoall.
②aswhich则无此意。
常用句
asweallknow,asisknowntoall,aseverybodycansee,asisexpected,Asisknown/said/reported/told/weallknow等。
如Asweallknow,paperwasfirstmadeinChina.
Toshutyoureyestofacts,asmanyofyoudo,isfoolish.
which.
Ourclasshaswonthefootballmatch,whichmadeusveryhappy.Bamboosarehollow,whichmakesthemverylight.
④从句含否定意义时常用which.Shedidn’tpasstheexam,whichwecouldn’texpect.
Shedidn’tpasstheexam,asweexpected.
6.when
when还可用介词
IstillrememberthetimewhenIjoinedtheLeague.
IstillrememberthetimeonwhichIjoinedtheLeague.
Istillrememberthetime（which/that）IjoinedtheLeagueon.
7.where关系副词指地点。
在定语从句中作地点状语不能省略。
此时的when还可用介词+which替换此时先行词一定是表地点的名词。
IstillremembertheschoolwhereIjoinedtheLeague.
IstillremembertheschoolinwhichIjoinedtheLeague.
Istillremembertheschool（which/that）IjoinedtheLeaguein.
when,where的认识。
①.when引导定语从句。
I’llneverforgetthetime（which/that）IspentinBeijing.
②.where引导定语从句。
Thisisthefactory（which/that）hevisitedyesterday.
③.当句型为It/This/Thatis（was）thefirst（second?
last）time引起的句子时用that连接其后的
句子。
此时的time
It/Thisisthefirsttimethatwetravel.
It/ThisisthelasttimethatIshallgiveyoualesson.8.why
reason,不能省
略。
且why引导的
定语从句只能是限定性定语从句。
Why=forwhich
Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhewaslateyesterday.Thereasonwhy（forwhich）hewaslateisthathemissedthebus.reasonwhy。
Thisisthereason（that/which）hegave/explainedtous.
【判断用关系代词还是关系副词】
从句缺少的是主语、宾语还是状语是确定用关系代词还是关系副词的关键。
Iwillneverforgettheday（which/that）IspentinHongkong.（spent）
Iwillneverforgetthedaywhen/onwhichHongkongreturnedtoitsmotherland.
Thereasonthat/whichhegavefornotcomingtoschoolyesterdayisn’tbelievable.
（gave是及物）
Thereasonwhyhedidn’tcometoschoolyesterdayisn’tbelievable.
三.值得注意的几个问题
第一.（that/which）只用that的情况。
1.当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。
Thisisthebestfilmthathasbeenshownthisyear.
Thisisthefirstbook（that）Iborrowfromthelibrary.
※Heisthefirststudentthat/whocametoschooltoday.
2.当先行词为两个或两个以上分别指人和物的名词时。
Hetalkedabouttheteachersandtheschool（that）hehadvisited.
3.当先行词本身是allthat。
（allthat=what）
Allthat（what）Iwanttosaytoyouis“Thankyou”.
Gooverallthat（what）welearned.
4.先行词为something,anything,nothing,everything,thing
that.
I’lltellyouanything（that）Iknow.
5.当先行词前有all,much,little,many,（a）few,every,some,any,no,only,thevery,oneof,theonly,thelast,thenext等修饰语时。
Thisisoneofthebooks（that）I’mveryinterestingin.
※ThisisoneofthebooksinwhichI’mveryinteresting.
Thisistheonlybook（that）Iread.
Heistheonlyoneoftheboysthatlikesplayingthepiano.
Alltheglassesthatwereonthetablefelloffontothefloor.
6.who或which
that
Whoisthemanthatistalkingwiththelady?
Whichofyouthatknowtheanswercancometothefront?
7.that
Helikesthegirlthatsheusedtobe.
第二.（that/which）只用which的情况。
1.
Theroominwhichhelivesisverylarge.
2.which,
Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.
Thehouse,whichIvisitedyesterday,isverylarge.
3.which
Healwaysmakesfunofme,whichupsetsme.
第三.其他特殊情况
1.先行词是these,thosewho.
Thosewhoareplayingovertherearemystudents.
2.先行词是人称代词（he,she?
）who.
Hewhodoesn’treachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.
3.不定代词someone,anyone,everyone,noone,somebody,anybody,everybody
系代词用who.
Anybodywhobreakstheruleswouldbepunished.
4.①先行词是theonlyoneof+
theonlyone,而不是of后的可数名词复
Heistheonlyoneoftheboysthatlikesplayingthepiano.Thisistheonlyoneofthebooksthatisborrowed.
②先行词是oneof+
的谓语用复数形式
为此时的先行词是of后的可数名词复数,而不是one
Thisisoneofthestudentswhoarelate.
5.theonetheone只能代替可
IsthisschooltheoneIvisitedyesterday?
Ispopmusicthemusichelikesbest?
6.当先行词是theway,在定语从句中充当方式状语theway?
引导词通常用thatinwhich
Idon’tliketheway（that）youspeak.
=Idon’tliketheway（which/that）youspeakin.
【“介词+关系代词”十种情况】
+关系代词结构是一种较为复杂的问题。
现就几种常见的介词+关系代
1+which
关系副词when,where
和whyIstillrememberthedayonwhich（when）Ifirstcametoschool.我仍然记得初来学校的那一天。
Thefactoryinwhich（=where）Iworkisalargeone.我工作的工厂是一个大工厂。
Thisisthereasonforwhich（=why）hewaslate.这就是他为什么迟到的原因。
2+which/whom
句主谓一般要倒置。
Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontofwhichsatasmallboy.他
男孩。
Isawaman,ontheheadofwhomstoodabird.
头上站着一只鸟。
3+which/whom
地点状语。
这种结构
Couldyoutellmeforwhomyou’veboughtthiscoat?
你能告诉我这
Theman,fromwhomIlearnedthenews,isanengineer.这人是一位
这消息的。
4+which/whom
Thewolfbywhichthesheepwaskilledwasshot.伤害羊的那只狼被打死了。
Themanbywhomthewolfwasshotwasagoodhunter.打死狼的那人是个好猎手。
5+of+which/whom
both,all,any,some,each,none,most
Therearealotofbookshere,noneofwhichbelongstome.这儿有
YesterdayMaryboughtafewclothes,allofwhichwereexpensive.昨天玛丽买了一些衣服他们都很贵。
6+of+which/whom
系。
数词可以是基数
Inourclasstherearefifty-fourstudents,twenty-fiveofwhomare
girls.我们班有54名学生25人是女生。
Twowatcheswerestolen,oneofwhichwasmine.
中一只是我的。
7+of+which代替whose+
Isawsometrees,theleavesofwhich（=whoseleaves）wereblackwithdisease.们的叶子因害病而发黑
Iliveinahouse,thewindowsofwhichareallbroken.我住在一所房子里其窗都破了。
8+which/whoseItrainedallnightandallday,duringwhichtimetheshipwasbrokenintopieces.雨下了一天一夜就在这期间轮船撞碎了。
Thedriverwasthemanfromwhoseroomshehadstolenthemaps.司机就是那个人她从他的房间偷走地图。
9+of+which/whom
关系
Chinahasthousandsofislands,thelargestofwhichisTaiwan.中国有成千上万个岛屿其中最大的是台湾岛.
Inourclasstherearetwentygi
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