雅思测试阅读模拟考题和答案四.docx

雅思测试阅读模拟考题和答案四.docx

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雅思测试阅读模拟考题和答案四

雅思测试阅读模拟考题和答案（四）

TheTriumphofUnreason

A.Neoclassicaleconomicsisbuiltontheassumptionthathumansarerationalbeingswhohaveaclearideaoftheirbestinterestsandstrivetoextractmaximumbenefit（or“utility”，ineconomist-speak）fromanysituation.Neoclassicaleconomicsassumesthattheprocessofdecision-makingisrational.Butthatcontradictsgrowingevidencethatdecision-makingdrawsontheemotions—evenwhenreasonisclearlyinvolved.

B.Theroleofemotionsindecisionsmakesperfectsense.Forsituationsmetfrequentlyinthepast，suchasobtainingfoodandmates，andconfrontingorfleeingfromthreats，theneuralmechanismsrequiredtoweighuptheprosandconswillhavebeenhonedbyevolutiontoproduceanoptimaloutcome.Sinceemotionisthemechanismbywhichanimalsareproddedtowardssuchoutcomes，evolutionaryandeconomictheorypredictthesamepracticalconsequencesforutilityinthesecases.Butdoesthisstillapplywhentheancestralmachineryhastorespondtothestimuliofurbanmodernity?

C.OneofthepeoplewhothinksthatitdoesnotisGeorgeLoewenstein，aneconomistatCarnegieMellonUniversity，inPittsburgh.Inparticular，hesuspectsthatmodernshoppinghassubvertedthedecision-makingmachineryinawaythatencouragespeopletorunupdebt.Toprovethepointhehasteamedupwithtwopsychologists，BrianKnutsonofStanfordUniversityandDrazenPrelecoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology，tolookatwhathappensinthebrainwhenitisdecidingwhattobuy.

D.Inastudy，thethreeresearchersasked26volunteerstodecidewhethertobuyaseriesofproductssuchasaboxofchocolatesoraDVDofthetelevisionshowthatwereflashedonacomputerscreenoneafteranother.Ineachroundofthetask，theresearchersfirstpresentedtheproductandthenitsprice，witheachsteplastingfourseconds.Inthefinalstage，whichalsolastedfourseconds，theyaskedthevolunteerstomakeuptheirminds.Whilethevolunteersweretakingpartintheexperiment，theresearchersscannedtheirbrainsusingatechniquecalledfunctionalmagneticresonanceimaging（fMRI）.Thismeasuresbloodflowandoxygenconsumptioninthebrain，asanindicationofitsactivity.

E.Theresearchersfoundthatdifferentpartsofthebrainwereinvolvedatdifferentstagesofthetest.Thenucleusaccumbenswasthemostactivepartwhenaproductwasbeingdisplayed.Moreover，thelevelofitsactivitycorrelatedwiththereporteddesirabilityoftheproductinquestion.

F.Whenthepriceappeared，however，fMRIreportedmoreactivityinotherpartsofthebrain.Excessivelyhighpricesincreasedactivityintheinsularcortex，abrainregionlinkedtoexpectationsofpain，monetarylossandtheviewingofupsettingpictures.Theresearchersalsofoundgreateractivityinthisregionofthebrainwhenthesubjectdecidednottopurchaseanitem.

G.Priceinformationactivatedthemedialprefrontalcortex，too.Thispartofthebrainisinvolvedinrationalcalculation.Intheexperimentitsactivityseemedtocorrelatewithavolunteer’sreactiontobothproductandprice，ratherthantopricealone.Thus，thesenseofagoodbargainevokedhigheractivitylevelsinthemedialprefrontalcortex，andthisoftenprecededadecisiontobuy.

H.People’sshoppingbehaviourthereforeseemstohavepiggy-backedonoldneuralcircuitsevolvedforanticipationofrewardandtheavoidanceofhazards.WhatDrLoewensteinfoundinterestingwastheseparationoftheassessmentoftheproduct（whichseemstobeassociatedwiththenucleusaccumbens）fromtheassessmentofitsprice（associatedwiththeinsularcortex），eventhoughthetwoarethensynthesisedintheprefrontalcortex.Hishypothesisisthatratherthanweighingthepresentgoodagainstfuturealternatives，asorthodoxeconomicssuggestshappens，peopleactuallybalancetheimmediatepleasureoftheprospectivepossessionofaproductwiththeimmediatepainofpayingforit.　I.Thatmakesperfectsenseasanevolvedmechanismfortrading.Ifoneusefulobjectisbeingtradedforanother（hardcashinmoderntime），thefutureutilityofwhatisbeinggivenupisembeddedintheobjectbeingtraded.Emotionisascapableofassigningsuchavalueasreason.Buyingoncredit，though，maybedifferent.Theabstractnatureofcreditcards，coupledwiththedefermentofpaymentthattheypromise，maymodulatethe“con”sideofthecalculationinfavourofthe“pro”.

J.Whetheritactuallydoessowillbethesubjectoffurtherexperimentsthatthethreeresearchersarenowdesigning.Thesewilltestwhetherpeoplewithdistinctlydifferentspendingbehaviour，suchasmiserlinessandextravagance，experiencedifferentamountsofpaininresponsetoprices.Theywillalsoassesswhether，inthesameindividuals，buyingwithcreditcardseasesthepaincomparedwithpayingbycash.Iftheyfindthatitdoes，thencreditcardsmayhavetojointhelistofthingssuchasfattyandsugaryfoods，andrecreationaldrugs，thatsubverthumaninstinctsinwaysthatseempleasurableatthetimebutcanhavealongandmalignaftertaste.

NotestoReadingPassage1

1.thenucleusaccumbens，theinsularcortex，andthemedialprefrontalcortex:

大脑的不同部位（皮层，皮质等）

e.g.cerebellarcortex小脑皮层cerebralcortex大脑皮层

2.hone:

珩磨，磨快，磨练，训练使……更完美或有效.

3.subvert:

毁灭，破坏;摧毁：

4.piggyback：

骑在肩上;在肩上骑

5.deferment:

推迟、延迟、分期付款

6.aftertaste:

余味，回味事情或经历结束后的感觉，特指令人不快的感觉　　Questions1-6

DothefollowingstatemetsreflecttheclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassage1?

WriteyouranswerinBoxes1-6onyouranswersheet.

TRUEifthestatementrefletstheclaimsofthewriter

FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsofthewriter

NOTGIVENifitispossbiletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis

1.Thebeliefofneoclassicaleconomicsdoesnotaccordwiththeincreasingevidencethathumansmakeuseoftheemotionstomakedecisions.

2.Animalsareurgedbyemotiontostriveforanoptimaloutcomesorextractmaximumutilityfromanysituation.

3.GeorgeLoewensteinthinksthatmodernwaysofshoppingtendtoallowpeopletoaccumulatetheirdebts.

4.Themoreactivethenucleusaccumenswas，thestrongerthedesireofpeoplefortheproductinquestionbecame.

5.Theprefrontalcortexofthehumanbrainislinkedtomonetarylossandtheviewingofupsettingpictures.

6.Whentheactivityinnucleusaccumbenswasincreasedbythesenseofagoodbargain，peopletendedtopurchasecoffee.

Questions7-9

ChoosetheappropriatelettersA-Dandwritetheminboxes7-9onyouranswesheet.

7.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutorthodoxeconomicsistrue?

A.Theprocesswhichpeoplemaketheirdecisionsisrational.

B.Peoplehaveaclearideaoftheirbestinterestsinanysituation.

C.Humansmakejudgementonthebasisofreasonratherthenemotion.

D.Peopleweighthepresentgoodagainstfuturealternativesinshopping.

8.Theword“miserliness”inline3ofParagraphJmeans__________.

A.people’sbehaviorofbuyingluxuriousgoods

B.people’sbehaviorofbuyingveryspecialitems

C.people’sbehaviorofbeingverymeaninshopping

D.people’sbehaviorofbeingverygenerousinshopping

9.Thethreeresearchersarenowdesigningthefutureexperiments，whichtest

A.whetherpeoplewithverydifferentspendingbehaviourexperiencedifferentamountsofpaininresponsetoproducts.

B.whetherbuyinganitemwithcreditcardseasesthepainofthesameindividualscomparedwithpayingforitbycash.

C.whethertheabstractnatureofcreditcardsmaymodulatethe“con”sideofthecalculationinfavourofthe“pro”.

D.whetherthecreditcardsmaysubverthumaninstinctsinwaysthatseempleasurablebutwithaterribleeffect.

Questions10-13

Completethenotesbelow.

ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromReadingPassage1foreachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes10-13onyouranswersheet.

Tofindwhathappensinthebrainofhumanswhenitisdecidingthingstobuy，GeorgeLoewensteinandhisco-researchersdidanexperimentbyusingthetechniqueoffMRI.Theyfoundthatdifferentpartsofthebrainwereinvlovedintheprocess.Theactivityin…10…wasgreatlyincreasedwiththedisplayingofcertainproduct.Thegreatactivitywasfoundintheinsularcortexwhen…11…andthesubjectdecidednottobuyaproduct.Theactivityofthemedialprefrontalcortexseemedtoassociatewithboth…12…informaiton.WhatinterestedDrLoewensteinwasthe…13…oftheassessmentoftheproductanditspriceindifferentpartsofthebrain.　　　Keysandexplanations

1.TRUE

SeethesecondandthirdsentenceinParagraphA“Neoclassicaleconomicsassumesthattheprocessofdecision-makingisrational.Butthatcontradictsgrowingevidencethatdecision-makingdrawsontheemotions—evenwhenreasonisclearlyinvolved.”

2.TRUE

SeethethirdsentenceinParagrphB“Sinceemotionisthemechanismbywhichanimalsareproddedtowardssuchoutcomes，evolutionaryandeconomictheorypredictthesamepracticalconsequencesforutilityinthesecases.”

3.FALSE

SeethesecondsentenceinParagrphC“Inparticular，hesuspectsthatmodernshoppinghassubvertedthedecision-makingmachineryinawaythatencouragespeopletorunupdebt.”

4.TRUE

SeethelastsentenceinParagrphE“Moreover，thelevelofitsactivitycorrelatedwiththereporteddesirabilityoftheproductinquestion.”

5.FALSE

SeethesecondsentenceinParagrphFandGrespectively“Excessivelyhighpricesincreasedactivityintheinsularcortex，abrainregionlinkedtoexpectationsofpain，monetarylossandtheview