综合英语第二册Unit7讲义.docx

综合英语第二册Unit7讲义.docx

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综合英语第二册Unit7讲义

Unit7

Quote

Historiesmakemenwise;poemswitty;themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.

—FrancisBacon

历史使人睿智，诗歌使人智慧，数学使人细致，自然哲学使人深邃，道德使人严肃;逻辑与修辞使人善辩。

读史使人明智,读诗使人聪慧,演算使人精密,哲理使人深刻,伦理学使人有修养,逻辑修辞使人善辩。

史鉴使人明智；诗歌使人巧慧；数学使人精细；博物使人深沉；伦理之学使人庄重；逻辑与修辞使人善辩。

4.Questionsaboutthetext

---Whatissuesdoesthewriteroftheletterintendtodealwith

---Whatisthemainidea

----What’stheauthor’spurposeofwriting

---Howisthetextarranged

Whatissuesdoesthewriteroftheletterintendtodealwith

----Howshouldstudentsregardgrades,bothgoodandbadAregradesasimportantastheyareassumedtobeDogoodgradesnecessarilyleadtoachievementsandbadgradesresultinfailureinastudent’slaterlife

Whatisthetextmainlyabout

textismainlyaboutgrades,disappointmentandattitudestowardsthembyconsideringexactlywhatthegradeBmeansanddoesn’tmean.

What’stheauthor’spurposeofwriting

----totellhisstudentthatheshouldviewhisgradesandhisdisappointmentcorrectly.

Whattypeofwritingisthisessay

-----argumentation.

Apartfromthefirstparagraph,therestofthetextfallsclearlyintothreeparts,eachofwhichismarkedatthebeginningbyakeywordorwords.Trytofindthesekeywords.

----Paragraphs2–5:

Disappointment

-----Paragraphs6-8:

Thestudentasperformer;thestudentashumanbeing.

-----Paragraphs9-10:

Perspective

Part1（paragraph1）

Understandingtheparagraph:

1）Whatdoesthispartmainlytalkabout

2）Whatchangeaboutgradeshastheauthormentionedbriefly

3）What,accordingtotheauthor,hascausedthefeelingofdisappointment

4）HastheauthorstatedhispurposeofwritinginthisparagraphIfyes,whatisitIfnot,whereisitstatedinthetext

Mainideaofthispart:

Itintroducesthetopicoftheletter:

gradeBforthecourseandthefeelingofdisappointment.

Whatchangeaboutgradeshastheauthormentionedbriefly

----Theauthorhasmentionedbrieflythechangeinthewaygradesareregarded,.thenormhasshiftedupward.

What,accordingtotheauthor,hascausedthefeelingofdisappointment

-----Ithastodowiththegeneralsocialclimatewheregradesdetermineeligibilityforgraduateschoolandspecialprograms.Thisiswhytheauthorsaysthereisnothinghecandotoremovethefeelingofdisappointment.

HastheauthorstatedhispurposeofwritinginthisparagraphIfyes,whatisitIfnot,whereisitstatedinthetext

-----Thepurposeofwritingtheletterisnotstatedinthisparagraph.Itisnotspecificallymentioneduntilthethirdparagraph.

I’mcertainthatnothingIcansaywillremovethatfeelingofdisappointment,particularlyinaclimatewheregradesdetermineeligibilityforgraduateschoolandspecialprogram.（Paragraph1）

Translation:

我肯定无论我说什么都不会消除你的沮丧心情，特别是在我们生活的环境中，考试分数直接决定你是否有资格读研究生和申请一些特别的学习项目。

normn.

1）anacceptedstandardorawayofbehavingordoingthingsthatmostpeopleagreewith

.Youmustadapttothenormsofthesocietyyoulivein.

2）thenorm=asituationortypeofbehaviorthatisexpectedandconsideredtobetypical

.Onechildperfamilyisfastbecomingthenorminsomecountries.常态

Derivation:

normala.;normallyad.

normalizev.;normalizationn.

标准，规范

正常的，正规的n.正常；标准；常态

常态

使正常，使标准化

normn.

normala.

normalityn.

normalizev.

过了几天，洪水才退，生活恢复了正常。

Itwasseveraldaysbeforethefloodwatersankandlifereturnedtonormal.

我们的关系正常了。

Ourrelationshiphasbeennormalized.

shiftvt.&vi.

to（causesomethingorsomeoneto）moveorchangefromoneposition

ordirectiontoanother,especiallyslightly（使）移动，（使）转移

 tochangeasituation,discussionetcbygivingspecialattentiontoone

ideaorsubjectinsteadoftoapreviousone转移〔注意力等〕

3）tochangeopinions转变；改变〔意见、信仰等〕

.Sheshifted（herweight）uneasilyfromonefoottotheother.

她不安地把重心从一只脚转移到另一只脚。

Thewindisexpectedtoshift（totheeast）tomorrow.

TheWhiteHousehopestoshiftthemedia’sattentionawayfrom

foreignpolicyissues.

白宫希望把媒体的注意力从外交政策问题上转移开。

Publicopinionwasbeginningtoshifttotheright

（=becomemoreright-wing）公众舆论开始右倾。

Derivation:

shiftn.

shiftlessa.lazyandhavingnointerestinworkinghardortryingto

succeed懒惰的，不求上进的，得过且过的

N.1）ifworkersinafactory,hospitaletcworkshifts,theyworkforaparticularperiodoftimeduringthedayornight,andarethenreplacedbyothers,sothattherearealwayspeopleworking

〔工厂、医院等轮班制中的〕当班时间

Iworkshifts.我轮班工作。

Ashiftsystemhasbeenintroduced.实行了轮班工作制。

do/worka（10-/12-/24-etchour）shift

Davehadtoworka12-hourshiftyesterday.

戴夫昨天要上一个12小时的班。

night/dayetcshift

Thethoughtofworkingnightshiftsputheroffbecominganurse.

想到要上夜班，她就打消了当护士的念头。

early/lateshift

I’montheearlyshifttomorrow.明天我要上早班

shiftwork/worker/working

peoplewhodoshiftwork做轮班工作的人

2）.ashiftkey〔键盘上的〕shift键，换挡键

Torunthespell-checker,pressSHIFTandF7.要使用拼写检查程序

withtheresultthat:

inconsequence;asaconsequenceof

因此；从而；其结果是

.

Toincreasesales,firmscouldhiremorepeoplewithoutcaringtoomuchaboutproductivity,withtheresultthatgrowthinrevenuecorrelatedcloselywithgrowthinheadcount.

为了增进销售，各企业可以雇佣更多的人而不用操心员工的生产力，因此，营业额的增长与员工数量的增加呈现紧密的相关性。

Practice：

盗贼戴上手套，因而没有留下指纹

Theburglarworegloves,withtheresultthatthereisnofingerprinttobefound.

建国以来我们犯的几次错误，都是由于要求过急，目标过高，脱离了中国的实际，结果发展反倒慢了。

ThemistakeswehavemadesincethefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicwereallduetoover-eagerness:

disregardingChina’srealities,settingexcessivelyhightargets,withtheresultthatprogresswasslowed.

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.

他因急性阑尾炎住院治疗，结果连期末考试都没参加。

（withtheresultthat）

Hewashospitalizedwithacuteappendicitis,withtheresultthathemissedthefinalexamination.

eligibilityn.thequalificationsorabilitiesrequiredfordoing

something

Derivation:

eligiblea.

eligible（forsth./todosth.）

1）她的资历和经验确定她适合做这项工作。

2）只有在公司工作三年以上的人才能得到住房补贴。

1）Herqualificationsandexperienceconfirmhereligibilityforthejob.

2）Onlythosewhohaveworkedinthiscompanyforatleastthreeyears

areeligibleforhousingallowance

Part2（paragraph2-5）

Understandingtheparagraph:

Mainidea:

Theauthortellshowheunderstandsagrade:

agrade,whichisjustafuzzyrepresentationofthestudent’smasteryofacertainsubjectbutnotaprecisejudgementofthestudent’sabilityorcharacter,isover-emphasizedinAmericansociety.

Question:

1）Howdoestheauthorexplainthenotionofdisappointment

2）WhatdoestheauthorthinkhasgivenrisetoaBstudent’sfeelingofdisappointment

HowdoyouinterpretthesecondsentenceinParagraph2“Theessenceofsuccessisthatthere’sneverenoughofittogoroundinazero-sumgamewhereoneperson’swinningmustbeoffsetbyanother’slosing,oneperson’sjoyoffsetbyanother’sdisappointment”.

Explanation:

“Zero-sumgame”referstoasituationinwhichifonepersongainsanadvantagefromit,someoneelseinvolvedinitmustsufferanequivalentdisadvantage.

Paraphrase:

Theredoesnotexistthesituationinwhichallthosewhoareinvolvedwillturnoutsuccessfulandnoonefeelsdisappointed.Wherevertherearewinners,therearelosers.Whensomeonefeelshappyabouthissuccess,someoneelsemayfeeldisappointedathisfailure.Inahighlycompetitivesocietywheretheimportanceofwinningisemphasizedsomuch,itisinevitablethatthosewhofailinthecompetitionwillfeeldisappointed.

Translation:

我们所生活的社会就像一个零和游戏，只要有人赢，就会有人输；只要有人感到幸福，就会有人感到沮丧。

从来都不存在大家都成功而没有人失落的情况。

这就是成功的核心因素。

…winningisnotthemostimportantthing—it’stheonlything.…

Explanation:

Thisisaspecialtypeofnegation.Theauthorisnotnegatingtheimportanceofwinning;rather,withthesentencethatfollowsthenegativeone,theauthorgivestheutmostemphasistotheimportanceofwinning.Whattheauthorwantstosayis“Winningisofprimaryimportance;nothingcouldbemoreimportantthanwinning.”

Translation:

成功不是最重要的事情――它是唯一的事情

.

ToimproveyouroralEnglish,practicingisnotthemostimportantthing—it’stheonlything.

Oursisatimeofinformationexplosion;tokeepupwiththetimes,updatingourknowledgeisnotthemostimportantthing—it’stheonlything.

Tolose,tofail,togounder,togobroke—thesearedeadlysinsinaworldwhereprosperityinthepresentisseenasasuresignofsalvationinthefuture.

Paraphrase:

Beingunsuccessfulinone’slifeandcareerandfinanciallydisadvantagedareregardedasshamefulorevensinfulbecauseinthisworldpeopletendtothinkthatonlythosewhoaresuccessfulnowcanbesavedfromevilinthefuture..

Inadifferentsociety,yourdisappointmentmightbesomethingyoucouldshrugaway.Butnotinours.

Paraphrase:

Ifyouareinadifferentsociety,youcouldjustignoreyoudisappointment,butinoursociety,it’sinescapable.

Translation:

假如你处在另一个社会里，你可以对你的沮丧置之不理，但是在我们这个社会里是无法回避的。

inadequacy

1）[U]afeelingthatyouarenotasgood,clever,skilledetcasotherpeople〔人〕不够好，不胜任

Unemploymentcancausefeelingsofinadequacyandlowself-esteem.

失业会使人缺乏自信，产生自卑感。

[U]thefactofnotbeinggoodenoughinquality,ability,sizeetcfora

particularpurpose〔质量、能力、大小等〕不足，欠缺

[+of]theinadequacyoflocalhealthcare当地医疗保健服务的不足

3）.[Cusuallyplural,一]afaultorweakness缺点，不足之处

I’mquiteawareofmyowninadequacies.我很清楚自身的不足之处。

Derivation:

inadequatea.

inadequatelyad.

Antonym:

adequacy

Exercise:

Usethefollowingwordstofillintheblanks.

inadequacyinadequatelyadequacyadequateadequately

1.Unemploymentcanoftencausefeelingsofandlowself-esteem.

2.Hedoubtedherforthejob.

3.Wi