至英语六级长阅读理解真题及问题详解9套卷全.docx

至英语六级长阅读理解真题及问题详解9套卷全.docx

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至英语六级长阅读理解真题及问题详解9套卷全

2014.06【1】

LessonsFromaFeministParadise

A．Onthesurface,Swedenappearstobeafeministparadise.LookatanyglobalsurveyofgenderequalityandSwedenwillbenearthetop.Family-friendlypoliciesareitsnorm--with16monthsofpaidparentalleave,specialprotectionsforpart-timeworkers,andstate-subsidizedpreschoolswhere,accordingtoagovernmentwebsite,"gender-awarenesseducationisincreasinglycommon."Duetoanunofficialquotasystem,womenhold45percentofpositionsintheSwedishparliament.TheyhaveenjoyedtheprotectionofgovernmentagencieswithtitlesliketheMinistryofIntegrationandGenderEqualityandtheSecretariatofGenderResearch.SowhyareAmericanwomensofaraheadoftheirSwedishcounterpartsinbreakingthroughtheglassceiling?

　　B．Ina2012report,theWorldEconomicForumfoundthatwhenitcomestoclosingthegendergapin"economicparticipationandopportunity,"theUnitedStatesisaheadofnotonlySwedenbutalsoFinland,Denmark,theNetherlands,Iceland,Germany,andtheUnitedKingdom.Sweden'srankinthereportcanlargelybeexplainedbyitspoliticalquotasystem.ThoughtheUnitedStateshasfewerwomenintheworkforce（68percentcomparedtoSweden's77percent）,Americanwomenwhochoosetobeemployedarefarmorelikelytoworkfull-timeandtoholdhigh-leveljobsasmanagersorprofessionals.Theyalsoownmorebusinesses,launchmorestart-ups（新创办的企业）,andmoreoftenworkintraditionallymalefields.Asforbreakingthroughtheglassceilinginbusiness,Americanwomenarewellinthelead.

　　C．WhatexplainstheAmericanadvantage?

HowcanitbethatsocietieslikeSweden,wheregenderequalityisvigorouslypursuedandenforced,havefewerfemalemanagers,executives,professionals,andbusinessownersthanthelaissez-faire（自由放任的）UnitedStates?

AnewstudybyCornelleconomistsFrancineBlauandLawrenceKahngivesanexplanation.

　　D．Generousparentalleavepoliciesandreadilyavailablepart-timeoptionshaveunintendedconsequences:

insteadofstrengtheningwomen'sattachmenttotheworkplace,theyappeartoweakenit.Inadditiontoa16-monthleave,aSwedishparenthastherighttoworksixhoursaday（forareducedsalary）untilhisorherchildiseightyearsold.Mothersarefarmorelikelythanfatherstotakeadvantageofthislaw.Butextendedleavesandpart-timeemploymentareknowntobeharmfultocareers--forbothgenders.Andwithwomenasecondfactorcomesintoplay:

mostseemtoenjoytheflexible-timearrangement（onceknownasthe"mommytrack"）andneverfindtheirwaybacktofull-timeorhigh-levelemployment.Insum:

generousfamily-friendlypoliciesdokeepmorewomeninthelabormarket,buttheyalsotendtodiminishtheircareers.

　　E．AccordingtoBlauandKahn,Swedish-stylepaternal（父亲的）leavepoliciesandflexible-timearrangementsposeasecondthreattowomen'sprogress:

theymakeemployerscautiousabouthiringwomenforfull-timepositionsatall.Offeringajobtoamanisthesaferbet.Heisfarlesslikelytotakeayearofparentalleaveandthenreturnonareducedworkscheduleforthenexteightyears.

　　F．Ibecameawareofthetrialsofcareer-focusedEuropeanwomenafewyearsagowhenImetapost-doctoralstudentfromGermanywhowasthenavisitingfellowatJohnsHopkins.ShewasastonishedbytheprofessionalpossibilitiesaffordedtoyoungAmericanwomen.HerbesthopeinGermanywasagovernmentjob-prospectsforwomenintheprivatesectorweredim."InGermany,"shetoldme,"wehaveallthebenefits,butemployersdon'twanttohireus."

　　G．SwedisheconomistsMagnusHenreksonandMikaelStenkulaaddressedthefollowingquestionintheir2009study:

whyaretheresofewfemaletopexecutivesintheEuropeanegalitarian（平等主义的）welfarestates?

Theiranswer:

"Broad-basedwelfare-statepolicieshinderwomen'srepresentationinelitecompetitivepositions."

　　H．ItistemptingtodeclaretheSwedishpoliciesregressive（退步的）andhailtheAmericansystemassuperior.Butthatwouldbeshortsighted.TheSwedescancertainlytakealessonfromtheUnitedStatesandlookforwaystoclearapathfortheirambitiousfemalecareerists.Butmostwomenarenotcommittedcareerists.WhenthePewResearchCenterrecentlyaskedAmericanparentstoidentifytheir"ideal"lifearrangement,47percentofmotherssaidtheywouldprefertoworkpart-timeand20percentsaidtheywouldprefernottoworkatall.Fathersanswereddifferently:

75percentpreferredfull-timework.SomeversionoftheSwedishsystemmightworkwellforamajorityofAmericanparents,buttheUnitedStatesisunlikelytofullyembracetheSwedishmodel.Still,wecanlearnfromtheirexperience.

　　I）Despiteitsfailuretoshattertheglassceiling,Swedenhasoneofthemostpowerfulandinnovativeeconomiesintheworld.Inits2011-2012survey,theWorldEconomicForumrankedSwedenastheworld'sthirdmostcompetitiveeconomy;theUnitedStatescameinfifth.Sweden,dubbedthe"rockstaroftherecovery"intheWashingtonPost,alsoleadstheworldinlifesatisfactionandhappiness.Itisasocietywellworthstudying,anditseffortstoconquerthegendergapimpartavitallesson--thoughnotthelessontheSwedeshadinmind.

　　J）Swedenhasgonefartherthananyothernationonearthtointegratethesexesandtoofferwomenthesameopportunitiesandfreedomsasmen.Fordecades,thesedescendantsoftheVikingshavebeentryingtoshowtheworldthattherightmixofenlightenedpolicy,consciousnessraising,andnon-sexistchildrearingwouldclosethegenderdivideonceandforall.Yetthedividepersists.

　　K）A2012pressreleasefromStatisticsSwedenbearsthetitle"GenderEqualityinSwedenTreading（踩）

Water"andnotes:

~Thetotalincomefromemploymentforallagesislowerforwomenthanformen.~Oneinthreeemployedwomenandoneintenemployedmenworkpart-time.

~Women'sworkingtimeisinfluencedbythenumberandageoftheirchildren,butmen'sworkingtimeisnotaffectedbythesefactors.

~Ofallemployees,only13percentofthewomenand12percentofthemenhaveoccupationswithanevendistributionofthesexes.

　　L）Confrontedwithsuchfacts,someSwedishactivistsandlegislatorsaredemandingmoreextremeandfar-reachingmeasures,suchasreplacingmaleandfemalepronounswithaneutralalternativeandmonitoringchildrenmorecloselytocorrectthemwhentheygravitate（被吸引）towardgenderedplay.Whenitcametolightlastyearthatmothers,farmorethanfathers,chosetostayhomefromworktocarefortheirsickkids,UlfKristersson,ministerofsocialsecurity,quicklycommissionedastudytodeterminethecausesofandpossiblecuresforthisdisturbingstateofaffairs.

　　M）Swedishfamilypolicies,byaccommodatingwomen'spreferenceseffectively,arereducingthenumberofwomeninelitecompetitivepositions.TheSwedeswillfindthisparadoxicalandtrytofindsolutions.Letushopethesedonotincludebanninggenderpronouns,policingchildren'splay,implementingmoregenderquotas,ortreatingwomen'sspecialattachmenttohomeandfamilyasasocialinjustice.Mostmothersdonotaspireto（向往）elite,competitivefull-timepositions:

theSwedishpolicieshavegiventhemthefreedomandopportunitytolivethelivestheyprefer.AmericansshouldlookpastthegenderrhetoricandconsiderwhattheseScandinavianshaveachieved.Ontheirwaytocreatingafeministparadise,theSwedeshaveunintentionallycreatedahaven（避风港）fornormalmortals.

46.Swedenhasdonemorethanothernationstoclosethegendergap,butitcontinuestoexist.【J】

47.Swedenisoneofthemostcompetitiveeconomiesintheworldanditspeopleenjoythegreatestlifesatisfaction.【I】

48.MoreAmericanwomenholdelitejobpositionsinbusinessthanSwedishwomen.【B】

49.Swedishfamily-friendlypoliciestendtoexertanegativeinfluenceonwomen'scareers.【D】

50.ThequotasysteminSwedenensureswomen'sbetterrepresentationingovernment.【A】

51.ThoughtheSwedishmodelappearsworkableformostAmericanparents,itmaynotbeacceptedbytheminitsentirety.【H】

52.Swedishwomenareallowedthefreedomandopportunitytochoosetheirownwayoflife.【M】

53.Swedishemployersarehesitantabouthiringwomenforfull-timepositionsbecauseofthefamily-friendlypolicies.【E】

54.Gender-awarenesseducationisbecomingmoreandmorepopularinstate-subsidizedpreschoolsinSweden.【A】

55.SomelawmakersinSwedenproposethatgenderlesspronounsbeusedintheSwedishlanguage.【L】

2014.06【2】

TheStreet-LevelSolution

　　A．WhenIwasgrowingup,oneofmyfather'sfavoritesayings（borrowedfromthehumoristWillRogers）was:

"Itisn'twhatwedon'tknowthatcausesthetrouble;it'swhatwethinkweknowthatjustain'tso."Oneofthemaininsightstobetakenfromthe100000HomesCampaignanditsstrategytoendchronichomelessnessisthat,untilrecently,oursocietythoughtitunderstoodthenatureofhomelessness,butitdidn't.

　　B．Thatledtoaseriesofmistakenassumptionsaboutwhypeoplebecomehomelessandwhattheyneed.Manyoftheerrorsinourhomelessnesspolicieshavestemmedfromtheconceptionthatthehomelessareahomogeneousgroup.It'sonlyinthepast15yearsthatorganizationslikeCommonGround,andothers,havetakenastreet-levelviewoftheproblem--distinguishingthe"episodicallyhomeless"fromthe,"chronicallyhomeless"inordertounderstandtheirneedsatanindividuallevel.Thisiswhywecannowenvisageadifferentapproach--andgetbetterresults.

　　C．Mostreadersexpressedsupportfortheeffort,althoughanumberwereskeptical,andafewutterlydismissive,aboutthechancesoflong-termhomelesspeopleadaptingwelltohousing.Thisistobeexpected;it'shardtoimaginewhatweh