绿色经济对农村就业的影响外文翻译中英文.docx

绿色经济对农村就业的影响外文翻译中英文.docx

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绿色经济对农村就业的影响外文翻译中英文

绿色经济对农村就业的影响外文翻译中英文2019

英文

Theimpactofgreeneconomymeasuresonruralemployment:

Greenjobsinfarms

İlkayGailhard,ŠtefanBojnec

Abstract

Inthe circulareconomy concept,besidesprotectingtheenvironment,greenpolicymeasuresprovideessentialeconomicbenefitsthroughresourcesecurity,economicstability,andthecreationofgreenjobs.Thisstudycentresitsattentiononthelabouruseaspectofthecirculareconomyandaimstoexaminethepotentialforgreeneconomymeasurestocreategreenjobsintheagriculturesector.Asamethodologicalapproach,wecombine“top-down”and“bottom-up”analysesofthegreeneconomyexperienceofSlovenia,whereagri-environmentalmeasures（AEM）playanessentialroleintheSlovenianruraldevelopmentprogramme（2007–2014）,withthehighestamountofsubsidiesperunitofoutputamongthe10newEuropeanUnionMemberStates.TheresultsshowthatanAEMadoptionofgreenpolicymeasuresbyverylargedairyandfieldcropfarmssignificantlyincreasestotallabouruse:

whileforfieldcropfarmsthisincreaseisinhiredlabour,fordairyfarmsthisincreaseisinfamilylabour.Whilehiredandfamilylabourperformassubstitutesforverylargedairyfarms,theyperformascomplementsforverylargefieldcropfarms.Thepresentstudysuggestsfurtherstepstowardsidentifyingthegreeneconomymeasuresthatareneededtocreategreenjobsintheagriculturesectorforruralyouth.

Keywords:

Greeneconomy,Circulareconomy,Agri-environmentalmeasures,Greenjobs,Farms,Farmaccountancydatanetwork,Slovenia

Introduction

Thegreenjobconcepthasstartedtobeusedbyscholarsfollowingtheriseofthegreeneconomyparadigm（Martinez-Fernandezet al.,2010, EspostoandAnnakis,2016）.The UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme （UNEP,2008）definesgreenjobsasworkinagricultural,manufacturing, researchanddevelopment,administrative,andserviceactivitiesthatcontributesubstantiallytopreservingorrestoringenvironmentalquality.

Thegreeneconomyhasbeenidentifiedasasustainableglobalgreengrowth trajectory （OECD,2013）,andintheEuropeanUnion（EU）,measuresandlegislativeproposalshavebeenadoptedwiththeGreenActionPlantosupportthetransitiontowardsamore circulareconomy （EC,2014a）.

Thecirculareconomyconcepthasdeep-rootedorigins,whichgainedimportancestaringfromthelate1970sbyacademics,businesses,andpolicymakers,andinvolvesthecirculationofproductsandresourcesinuseforaslongaspossiblethroughreusing,repairing,refurbishingandrecycling（EC,2014b）.Besidesprotectingtheenvironment,thecirculationofproductsandresourcesprovidesessentialbenefitsthroughincreasedresourcesecurity,economicstability,andthecreationofemploymentopportunitiesviatheexpansionofsectors（MitchellandMorgan,2015）.

Intheliterature,thereareseveralstudieswhichexaminethesituationofgreenjobsattheEUlevelandreviewthefindingsontherelationshipbetweenenvironmentalpoliciesandemployment（Aceleanu,2015, Pociovălișteanuet al.,2015, GeandZhi,2016）.However,itisdifficulttoaccuratelyconcludealinkbetweenenvironmentalpoliciesandemployment,becausedifferentmethodsareusedtoassessthenumberofgreenjobs,andthedataavailableforcertainsectorsislimited（CoxandFoley,2013）.Overall,previousfindingshighlightbothadirectandindirecteffectofenvironmentalpoliciesonemployment（Eastwoodet al.,1995）.Inparticular,apositiveeffectofenvironmentalpoliciesongreenjobcreationisfoundinrenewableenergysectors（EngelandDaniel,2009）.

Thisstudycentresitsattentionontheterminalaspectofthecirculareconomywithafocusontheagriculturesector,andaimstoexaminewhethergreeneconomymeasuresproducegreenjobsatthefarmlevel.Regardingtheagriculturesector,EUfundingisavailabletohelpMemberStates（MS）withemploymentopportunitiesandchallengesrelatedtothetransitiontoagreeneconomy.OneofthemoreimportantfundinginstrumentsoftheEuropeanAgriculturalFundforRuralDevelopment（EAFRD）involvesinvestmentsinagriculture, forestry,theenvironment,ruralbusinessandinfrastructure,includinginvestmentsinrenewableenergyandenergyefficiency,resourcemanagementandinnovation.

Agri-environmentalmeasures（AEM）areakeyelementfortheintegrationofenvironmentalconcernsinEAFRD,anddesignedtoencouragefarmerstoprotecttheenvironmentontheir farmland bypayingthemfortheprovisionofenvironmentallyrespectfulproduction,andenvironmentalservices.Regardingenvironmentallyrespectfulproduction,AEMswererecognizedasthemostrelevantpaymentfororganicproduction,duetotheirsignificantsupportinallEUmemberstates.However,asanalternativetoorganicfarmingpractices,therearealsopaymentscoveredbyAEMsthatmaybenearlyashighasorganicproductionpaymentswithlessstrictenvironmentalstandards（e.g.,integratedfarming）.Regardingtheprovisionofenvironmentalservices,AEMsaredesignedatthenational,regional,orterritoriallevelinordertoadapttoparticularfarmingsystemsandspecificenvironmentalconditions（e.g.,thepreservationofhistoricalfeatures,andconservationofhigh-valuehabitatsinfarmland）.

Fromapolicyimplementationperspective,theadoptionofAEMsbyfarmersontheirfarmlandmakesgreenmeasuresatargetedtoolforachievinggreengrowthinagriculture.TheimpactofAEMsonruralemploymentevolutionisakeypolicyissueintheongoingdebateon CommonAgriculturalPolicy reforms.Previousstudies,whichfocussedonanEUscale,demonstratethatCommonAgriculturalPolicyfunding,particular Pillar II,whichincludesAEMs,contributestoemploymentmaintenanceinbothfarmingandnon-farmingsectors,andservesasapermanentregional“stimulus”package（Mattaset al.,2011）.However,veryfewcountrieshaveexploitedthepotentialforgreeneconomymeasurestocreategreenemploymentintheagriculturesector（OECD,2013）.

Fromapolicyinterventionperspective,governmentscanuseavarietyofapproachestoachievegreenmeasurepolicyobjectives.Thesecanbeclassifiedbythedegreeofgovernmentintervention,rangingfromnointerventiontoa commandandcontrolapproach（Roussetet al.,2015）.Paymentperhectarecouldbedeliveredthroughauctions（e.g.,BushtenderprogrammeinAustralia）,andviagrantstocoverinvestmentsinenvironmentallyfriendlyequipment,investmentssuchassometaxconcessionprogrammesinCanada,JapanandAustralia,andstructuralpaymentprogrammesintheEUwithintheRuralDevelopmentProgramme（RDP）（Vojtech,2010）.IntheEU,AEMsarevoluntaryandrelyentirelyonthewillingnessoffarmerstoparticipate.AEMscompensatefarmersforvoluntarilyenteringa5-yearprogrammecommitmenttocarryoutmeasuresconsideredtobeofbenefittotheenvironment.FarmersreceivepaymentsthatprovidecompensationforadditionalcostsandincomeforegoneasaresultofapplyingmeasuresinlinewiththeconventionofAEM.

Theexpansionofvoluntary-basedstructuredpublicinterventionintheimplementationofgreenmeasuresraisedthestudyquestionof“Towhatextentdovoluntarypolicyreformsthataimtoachievegreengrowthinagricultureaffecttheemploymentstructure,especiallyon-farmlabouruseinEuropeanruralregions?

”,withSloveniaasacasestudy.

Previousstudiesonthegreeneconomyhaveusedagreengrowthframeworkwithdiversetheoriessuchasecologicaleconomics,thecleanerproductionapproach,andcirculareconomy（Loiseauet al.,2016, DAmatoet al.,2017）.Despitethefactthatthecirculareconomyapproachisgrowinginthebusinesscontext,therearefewacademicstudiesthatfocusongreenemploymentin agribusiness.

Inourstudy,thegreengrowthframeworkisbasedonideasfrom agroecology,andassociatedwiththeideasingreenemployment.Ourinterestinthecirculareconomyliesinitspotentialtouselandandothernaturalresourcesmoreefficiently,andpromotesustainabledevelopment,whichfullyvaluestheenvironment.Inthescopeofourresearchquestion,thecirculareconomyisahighlyrelevantconceptwithwhichtoexaminethesustainableandsociallyresponsibleagribusinessintherurallabourmarket,includingitspotentialtocreategreenjobsand“greenskills”.

Ashighlightedby Consoliet al.（2016）,regardlessofthesectordivision,greenjobsexhibitsignificantdifferencesfromnon-greenjobsintermsofskillsandhumancapital:

greenjobsaremainlycharacterizedbyhigherlevelsofnon-routinecognitiveskills,ahigherdependenceonformaleducation,workexperienceandjobtraining.Regardingtheagriculturesector,asdiscussedby Horvatinčićet al.（2016）,farmerscanonlyachievegreenskillsthroughinstitutionalprovisionofagriculturalknowledgeongreendevelopmentstandards,suchasconservation,protectionandsustainableuseoftheenvironment.Thisknowledgecanleadtoimprovementinagricultural competitiveness andthequalityofagriculturalproduction.

Assessingthejobcreationpotentialofgreenagriculturalpoliciesisnotstraightforward,duetothedifficultyofmeasuringgrossversusnetjobcreation.Thisisparticularlytrueformeasuringthegreenjobpotential,duetothewiderangeofconceptualchallenges,includingthevariousdefinitionsof“green”,anddiverseunderstandingsof“greenemployment”,aswellasempiricalconsiderationssuchasdifferencesbetween“bottom-up”and“topdown”approachestogreenemployment（Violaet al.,2016）.

PreviousliteraturehasmainlyfocusedonthequalitativeregionalcasestudiesbyassociationofCommonAgriculturalPolicyexpenditurewithemployment（PetrickandZier,2011, Mattaset al.,2011, Fieldsend,2011, NordinandBlomqui