直接引语转换间接引语.docx

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直接引语转换间接引语.docx

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直接引语转换间接引语.docx

直接引语转换间接引语

直接引语转换间接引语

直接引语和间接引语详解

引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。

直接引用别人的原话,两边用引号““标出,叫做直接引语;用自己的语言转述别人的话,不需要引号这叫做间接引语,实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句(其中由祈使句转换的间接引语除外,其转换后是不定式)。

那么直接引语为陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和祈使句,转换为间接引语时,句子的结构,人称、时态、时间状语和地点状语等都要有变化,如何变化呢?

1、人称的转变

1)直接引语中的第一人称,一般转换为第三人称,如:

Hesaid,“Iamverysorry.”——>Hesaidthathewasverysorry.

2)直接引语中的第二人称,如果原话是针对转述人说的,转换为第一人称,如:

“Youshouldbemorecarefulnexttime,”myfathertoldme.——>

MyfathertoldmethatIshouldbemorecarefulthenexttime.

3)直接引语中的第二人称,如果原话是针对第三人称说的,转换成第三人称。

如:

Shesaidtoherson,“I'llcheckyourhomeworktonight.”——>

Shesaidtohersonthatshewouldcheckhishomeworkthatnight.

4)人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等,如:

Heaskedme,“Willyougotothestationwithmetomeetafriendofminethisafternoon?

”——>

HeaskedmewhetherIwouldgotothestationwithhimtomeetafriendofhisthatafternoon.

总之,人称的转换不是固定的,具体情况,具体对待,要符合逻辑。

2、时态的转换

直接引语改为间接引语时,主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时,从句(即间接引语部分)的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化,变成过去时范畴的各种时态(实际也是宾语从句的时态要求),变化如下:

直接引语间接引语直接引语间接引语

一般现在时一般过去时一般过去时过去完成时

现在进行时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成时

现在完成时过去完成时过去进行时过去进行时

一般将来时过去将来时

例如:

“Iamverygladtovisityourschool”,shesaid.——>

Shesaidshewasverygladtovisitourschool.

Tomsaid,“Wearelisteningtothepopmusic.”——>

Tomsaidthattheywerelisteningtothepopmusic.

Motherasked,“HaveyoufinishedyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchTV?

”——>

MotheraskedmewhetherIhadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforeIwatchedTV.

Heaskedtheconductor,“WhereshallIgetofftochangetoaNo.3bus?

”——>

HeaskedtheconductorwherehewouldgetofftochangetoaNo.3bus.

“Whydidsherefusetogothere?

”theteacherasked.——>

Theteacheraskedwhyshehadrefusedtogothere.

Motheraskedme,“HadyoufinishedyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchedTV?

”——>

MotheraskedmewhetherIhadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforeIwatchedTV.

Tomsaid,“Wewerehavingafootballmatchthistimeyesterday.”——>

Tomsaidthattheywerehavingafootballmatchthattimethedaybefore.

Hesaid,“Ihaven'theardfrommyparentsthesedays.”——>

Hesaidthathehadn'theardfromhisparentsthosedays.

3、直接引语变成间接引语时,从句时态无须改变的情况

1)当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候,如:

Healwayssays,“Iamtiredout.”——>Healwayssaysthatheistiredout.

2)当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候,如:

Hewillsay,“I’lltrymybesttohelpyou.”——>Hewillsaythathewilltryhisbesttohelpme.

3)当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时,如:

Hesaid,“Iwenttocollegein1994.”——>Hetoldusthathewenttocollegein1994.

4)当直接引语中有以when,while引导的从句,表示过去的时间时,如:

Hesaid,“WhenIwasachild,Iusuallyplayedfootballafterschool.”——>

Hesaidthatwhenhewasachild,heusuallyplayedfootballafterschool.

5)当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时,如:

Ourteachersaidtous,“Lighttravelsfasterthansound.”——>

Ourteachertoldusthatlighttravelsfasterthansound.

6)当引语是谚语、格言时,如:

Hesaid,“Practicemakesperfect.”——>Hesaidthatpracticemakesperfect.

7)当直接引语中有情态动词should,would,could,hadbetter,wouldrather,might,must,oughtto,usedto,need时,如:

例如:

Thedoctorsaid,“You'dbetterdrinkplentyofwater.”——>

ThedoctorsaidI'dbetterdrinkplentyofwater.

Hesaid,“Shemustbeateacher.”——>Hesaidthatshemustbeateacher.

Hesaid,“Sheoughttohavearrivedherofficebynow.”——>

Hesaidthatsheoughttohavearrivedherofficebythen.

Theteachersaid,“Youneedn'thandinyourcompositionstoday.”——>

Theteachersaidweneedn't/didn'tneedto/didn'thavetohandinourcompositions.

Sheasked,“MustItakethemedicine?

”——>Sheaskedifshehadtotakethemedicine.

〔注〕:

此处用hadto代替must更好

8)此外转述中的变化要因实际情况而定,不能机械照搬,如果当地转述,here不必改为there,动词come不必改为go,如果当天转述yesterday,tomorrow,thisafternoon等均不必改变。

如:

Teacher:

Youmayhavetheballgamethisafternoon.

Student:

Whatdidtheteachersay,Monitor?

Monitor:

Hesaidwemighthavetheballgamethisafternoon.

4、时间状语、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词变化

1)时间状语:

直接引语间接引语直接引语间接引语

nowthentomorrowthenext(following)day

todaythatdaynextweekthenext(following)week(month,year)

yesterdaythedaybeforetwodaysagotwodaysbefore

lastweek(month,year)theweek(month,year)beforethisweekthatweek(month,year)

2)指示代词:

these变成those

3)地点状语:

here变成there

Shesaid,“Iwon'tcomehereanymore.”——>Shesaidthatshewouldn’tgothereanymore..

4)动词:

come变成go,bring变成take

5、直接引语变成间接引语,句子结构的变化

1)陈述句。

用连词that引导,that在口语中常省略。

主句的谓语动词可直用接引语中的said,也可用told来代替,注意,可以说saidthat,saidtosb.that,toldsb.that,不可直接说toldthat,如:

Hesaid,“IhavebeentotheGreatWall.”——>HesaidtousthathehadbeentotheGreatWall.

Hesaid,“I'llgiveyouanexaminationnextMonday.”——>

HetoldusthathewouldgiveusanexaminationthenextMonday.(不可说toldthat)

此外主句中的谓语还常有:

repeat,whisper,answer,reply,explain,announce,declare,think等,又如:

Hesaid,“I'mlatebecauseoftheheavytraffic.”——>Heexplainedtousthathewaslatebecauseoftheheavytraffic.

如果间接引语是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列从句,第一个连词可以省略,以后的连词一般不省略,以免混乱。

Thedoctorsaid,“Youarenotseriouslyill,Youwillbebettersoon.”——>

Thedoctorsaid(that)IwasnotseriouslyillandthatIwouldbebettersoon.

2)直接引语为一般疑问句,(也称是否疑问句,)间接引语用连词whether或if引导,原主句中谓语动词said要改为asked(me/him/us等),语序是陈述句的语序,这一点非常重要。

Hesaid,“Doyouhaveanydifficultywithpronunciation?

”——>

Heasked(me)whether/ifIhadanydifficultywithmypronunciation.

Hesaid,“YouareinterestedinEnglish,aren'tyou?

”——>

HeaskedwhetherIwasinterestedinEnglish.

3)直接引语为选择疑问句,间接引语用whether…or…表达,而不用if…or…,也不用either…or….如:

Heasked,“DoyouspeakEnglishorFrench?

”——>

HeaskedmewhetherIspokeEnglishorFrench..

Iasked,“Willyoutakebusortaketrain?

”——>

Iaskedhimwhetherhewouldtakebusortaketrain.

4)直接引语为特殊疑问句,改成间接引语时,原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词,主句的谓语动词用ask(sb.)来表达,语序改为陈述句语序。

如:

Heasked,“What'syourname?

”——>Heasked(me)whatmynamewas.

Heaskedus,“Howmanycarfactorieshavebeenbuiltinyourcountry?

”——>

Heaskedushowmanycarfactorieshadbeenbuiltinourcountry.

5)直接引语为祈使句时,改为间接引语,用带to的不定式表达,谓语动词常是ask,advise,tell,warn,order,request等。

如asksb.todo,(由肯定祈使句变成)asksb.nottodo(由否定祈使句转变),并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化。

如:

Hesaid,“Beseated,please.”——>Heaskedustobeseated.

“Dobecarefulwithyourhandwriting.”Hesaid.——>

Hetoldmetobecarefulwithmyhandwriting.

“Nevercomehereagain!

”saidtheofficernearby.——>

Theofficerorderedthevillagersnevertogothereagain.

“Don'ttouchanythinginthelabwithoutpermission,”theteachersaid.——>

Theteacherwarnedthestudentsnottotouchanythinginthelabwithoutpermission.

6)有些含有“建议”——>、“劝告”——>的祈使句,可用suggest,insist,offer等动词转述,如:

Hesaid,“Let'shavearest.”——>Hesuggestedourhavingarest.

Hesaid,“Letmehelpyou.”——>Heofferedtohelpme.

7)当直接引语形式上是疑问句,有表示请求,建议意义时,可用asksb.todosth./suggestdoing/advisesb.todosth.等形式转述。

如:

“Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?

”heasked.——>Heaskedmetoopenthedoor.

“Whynotgoingoutforawalk?

”heaskedus.——>

Headvisedustogooutforawalk.或Hesuggestedwegooutforawalk.

8)直接引语是感叹句时,变间接引语可用what或how引导,也可用that引导,如:

Shesaid,“Whatalovelydayitis!

”——>Shesaidwhatalovelydayitwas.或Shesaidthatitwasalovelyday.

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