新托福高分120系列听力文本.docx

新托福高分120系列听力文本.docx

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新托福高分120系列听力文本

Lectures

1AnimalAwarenessandThought（动物的意识与思想）

2Antibiotics（抗生素）

3BetaPictoris（绘架座3星）

4ChildDevelopment（儿童的发展过程）

5ClimateandPopulation（气候与人口）

6Co-evolution（共同进化）

7Deforestation（森林砍伐）

8EarlyMagazines（早期的杂志）

9EarlyWrittenLanguage（早期的手写文字）

10GeneticDiversityinCrops（农作物基因的多样性）

11GulliesonMars（浸蚀谷）

12HistoryofInsuranee（保险的历史）

13InflueneeofthdMedia（媒体的影响）

14MammothCaveArcheology（巨大洞穴考古研究）

15MayanDrought（毁玛雅文明的大旱灾）

16NewMediaTechnology（新媒体科技）

17NullificationCrisis（拒行联邦法危机）

18PeriodicExtinction（周期性绝种）

19PetrifiedWood（石化木）

20SalespersonAttributes（销售人员特征）

21Stress（压力）

22SupportGroupsforWriters（作家互助会）

23TidalPowerGeneration（潮汐发电）

24WhyPlanetsAreRound（行星体为何成球状）

Weneedtounderstandhowthereadingprocessvarieswhenwegofromwritingsystemto

another,knowledgesofhowthisaffectstheneurologicalprocesses

AnimalAwarenessandThought

AnimalbehaviouriscurrentlyjKwelljkIguessyoucouldsayit'saprettyhotfieldofresearch.AlotofworkisbeingdoneintryingtoanswercertainbasicquestionsabouttheothercreatureswesharethisplanetwithOneoftheissuesthatIfindparticu^rlyinterestingisthequestionoftowhatdegreeanimals--andbyanimals,ofcourseImeananimalsotherthanhumans-towhatdegreethesenon-humananimalsarecapableofselfawarenessandconsciousthought.Forsometimenow,researchershavebeentryingtodetermineifanimalsthinkinthesamesensethatwedo,orif.ontheotherhand,theirbehaviourisjusta卩alternofautomatedreactions,kindoflikeacomputerprogramthatrunsfrombirth-whatwecommonlyrefertoasinstinct.

In亡aseanyofyouarewonderirigwhyweshouldcarebJefstalkabouttheimportanceofthisforaminuteortwo.Whetheranimalsthinkisaquestionthathasbothpracticalandmoralimplications-seriousones.Weashumanspositionourselvesatthetopofthensdu『合IhierarchybycomparingourselvestootheranimalsandthenbasicaHy|kwell,basicallygtreatthoseanimalsaccordingly,ofteninwaysthatcanonlybedescribedasartro匚iou合Ourjiustificationofthattreatment冷basedontheassumptionthatanimalsdon'treason,thinkorfeelinthesamewaythatwehumansdo.Andthisissomethingwe'vereallyhadlittlereasontadoubt,untilrecently.Butkwhatifanimalsarefoundtohavethecapacityforthought.thejkahjKwellljKmaybeIshouldaskyouforananswertothisquestiorkWhatdoyouthinkthepracticalconsequencesofthismightbe?

（Student1）Ithinkitwouldchangetheworld.Issueswouldcomeupabouteve^thingfromtheraisingofanimalsforconsumptionasfoodtotheiruseasresearchsubjectsandeventhekeeping口fanimalsss卩et$orinzoos.AHsortsofscientificresearchwouldbeaffected.Sowouldthetestingofnewproductsilikecosmeticsandmedicines；

（Student2）Iagree.Ithinkthequestionofanimalawarenessandthoughtalrriost帖stobeignored;atleastuntilourtechnologygetstoapointwherewenolongerhavetoexploitthemthewaywedonowBesiides,hewcanweeverbesurewhethertheyhaveitornot?

Well,iVsceftainlynotpossibletoaskthemquestionstofindout.Ac：

cordingtosome

researchers,thatfactalone-thefactthatanimalsareincapableafusinglanguageconversationaNy-isenoughtotellustheycannotreasonandarewithoutselfieonsciousness.Butthereareindicationsthatlanguageability,orthelackofitmaynotbethewholestory

Anumberofyearsagoapioneeringstudyofse^awarenessinanimalswasdoneusingatechniquecalledthe''mirrortest1'Agroupofchimpanzeesthatwerefamiharwithmirrorswereanaesthetizedandthenmarkedontheirforeheadswithreddye.Aftertheyawoke,themarkedanimalswereallowedtoseethemselvesinamirror.TheseanimalstendedtotouchtheirownforeheadsintheregionofthemarkmorefrequenUythanagroupthatwasunmarkedoranothergroupthatwasmarked^butnotallowedtolookinamirror.What'smore,someofthemarkedchimpanzeeswouldexaminetheirfingersaftertouchingtheredmarkontheirforeheads.Thisclearlysuggestedtheyunderstoodthatwhattheywereseeingwasnotanotherchimpanzee,buta^epfese^ationofthemselvesThisrealizationrequiredthatathoughtprocess,onsomebasiclevelanyway,betakingplace.Thisrealizationrequiredthatathoughtprocess,onsomebasiclevelanyway,betakingplace.

（Student1）Butprofessor,thosewerechimpanzees.They'reaboutasclosetohumansasyoucangetgeneti亡音llyWhataboutotherspecies?

I'mglads口mebodyaskedthat,becausethat'sthereallystickyissue.Oncewedecidethatthought\snotexclusivelyahumancharacteristic,wheredowedrawtheline?

Howdowedecidewhichanimalsp口ssessitandwhichdonot,whichanimalsqualifyfortreatmentassmntientbeingsmndwhichdonot.Whyshouldadogbetreatedonewayandachickenanother,forexample?

Thinkaboutitandprepareycurargumentsforournextclass.

Accordingtothelecture,whatisitthatresearchersaretryingtodeiermineaboutanimals?

OWhethertheyarebomwithinstinct.

OWhethertheyhavelanguage.

OWhelhertheirbehaviourisautomatic.

OWhethertheycanbetrainedtorecognizethemselves

Accordingtotheprofessor,whyistheresearchmentionedinthefeclureimportant?

OIfhowanrmalsthinkfsknown,theycanbetrainedmoreeasdy.

OThewayanimalsaretreatedisbasedonourunderstandingofthem

OSomeanimalsmayappr口白chhumansinintelligence

OAnimalsmustbeunderstoodbeforetheycanbeprotected.

Whichofthefbll口wingcanbeinferredaboutchimpanzeesfromtheJecture?

OTheycandistinguishbetweenan口bjectanditsimage

OInstinctplaysnopartintheirbehaviour.

OTheyareverysocialanimals.

OTheyarenearlyasintelligentashumans.

Whatquestiondoestheprofessoraskhisstudentstoconsiderforthenextclass?

OHowhumanthoughtdiffersfromthoughtinanimats.

OHowanimalsthat匕日nthinkshouldbetreated

OHowtodistinguishbetweenanimalsthatcanthinkandthosethatcan't.

OWhydogsandchickensshouidbeconsideredasthinkingcreatures.

Whydoestheprofessorsaythisjk?

OHew^ntstoexpt^fnthereasonfordiscussingsomething.

OHewantsthestudentstoknowtheirunderstandingwillbetested

OHethinkssomestudentsmaynothaveunderstoodwhathejustsaid

OHedoesn'tthinkwhatheissayingisverytmportant

Whatdoestheprofess口rmeanwhenhesaysihisjK?

OHeexpecledaquestion.

OThestudenthasaskedameaningfulquestion.

OHeknowstheanswertothequestion.

OThestudentsshouldaskmorequestions.

Antibiotics

InourlastclasswedrscussedhowantibioticsaredevelopedandhowsomeofthemworkInthislecture,I'dliketojKwell,I'dliketoconsiderthemfromanotheraspect.Tciday,Iwanttolookintothelimitationsofantibiotics,andthedangersofmisusingthem.I'msurenon己ofyouwouldargueifi阳idthatthedevelopmentofantibioticsqualifiesascneofthemostsignificantmedicaladvancesafthetwentiethcenturyOkay（KIcanseemostofyouarenoddingyourheadsinagreementAfterFriday'sclass,I'dbesurprisedifyoudidn't.ImeanjkwetalkedabouthowtheyVesavedmillionsofIrvesandrelievedenormoussuffering,rigM?

AntibioticsworkedsowellthatonlyafewdecadesagoitwasthoughttheywouldallowustoeliminateforevermanyoftheinfectiousdiseasesthathadbeensuchathreattohumanlifeButjKunfortunately,nowitlookslikethingsmaynotworkoutthatwayTheoptimismbroughtaboutbysuccessesinthebattleagainstdiseasesliketuberculosisandsyphilisisnowgivingwaytodaubt:

andconcern,eventofearoverwhatthefuturemayhold.

Sohnow,w/yhavethingstakensuchaturnfortheworse?

iguesswecouldsaythatit'sbecausemicroofganismsaretheultimatevsurvivalists.Givenhalfachancetheyu白nadapttopracticallyanything.Theorganismsthatcausemanyofourworstdiseases日re.inasense,learninghowtodefeattheantibioticsweuseagainstthem,thoughitcan^reallybecalled"learning",asI'llexplainlater.

MaybeweshouldtakeacloserfookatwhythesetinycreaturesarethemostadaptablEorganismsonthisplanet.Ifwethinkaboutit,it'sreallynotthathardtofigureoutwhattheirsecretis;well,partoftheirsecretanyway.Doesanyonewant1口takeaguess?

AhjKyesjKDonna,goahead.

（Student1）IthinkIrememberreadingsomewherethatithastodowiththewaytheyrepr口ducm.

Okay.youYepointedintherightdirection.ButcanyoubeaBttlemorespecific?

（Student1）Pmsorry,butthat'sallIcanremembernow.

（Studer2）I'mprettysureit'shawfasttheyreproduceTheydoitsoquicklythattheyjustevolvefasterthanotherkindsoforganisms.

That'sagoodpmrtoftheanswer.Therate

atwhichtheyreproduceisveryfastcomparedtoother,especiallylarger^organisms.ltRsimportanttorememberthatbecausehighratesofreproductionmeanmoregeneticmutationsjkuh,inotherwordsmorechangestolheirgeneticmakeupjKtakingplaceoveracertainperiodoftime.Now,thesechanges.likeallmutations,arerandorn;theyaren'tconsciouslydrrectedinanywaybythebacteria.That'swhatImeantafewminutesagowhenIsaidwecan'trefertotheprocessas"teaming."Butit'seasytoseehowhavingmorechangeshappeninginagivenperiodoftimemeansthere'sabetterchancethalaversion,called3"strain1'bybiologists,willbeproducedthatisresistanttoaparticularkind□fantibiotic.

Whatmakesthingsworsejkmuchworse|Kforusisthatthebacteriadontevenhavetorelyonreproductiontopassthisresistancefromindividualtoindividual.Theycantransferitbetweenthemselveswithsomethingcalleda"plasmid."Plasmidsarefragments-piecss-ofDMAt