专业英语电子版教材.docx

专业英语电子版教材.docx

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专业英语电子版教材

Chapter3InorganicChemistry28

3.1TheAtomicNatureofMatter28

3.2ElectronicStructureofAtoms30

3.3PeriodicityofAtomicProperties33

3.5MolecularGeometryandBondingTheories37

3.6ChemicalReactions39

3.7TheBehaviorofGases41

3.8AqueousReactionsandSolutionStoichiometry43

3.9ChemicalEquilibrium44

3.10Thermochemistry45

3.11Acid-BaseEquilibria47

3.12AdditionalAspectsofAqueousEquilibria49

3.13ChemistryofCoordinationCompounds50

3.14NuclearChemistry52

《专业英语》教学大纲54

语言不相同cultureshocknormaluniversity54

Decreaseandincrease55

descend55

-ium55

Ratioof…to…56

Bederivedfrom56

虚拟条件句56

Concern57

available57

常用简写58

Involve59

though59

Bound60

available61

高分子化学专业英语.rar62

Bymeansof（lesson12）（byallmeans，bynomeanslesson563

ability/beableto/becapableof/can关于「能力」的表达方式63

Assuchsuchas66

因果关系67

形式主语Itis+adj.+to67

科技论文的结构FullPaper（lesson12）68

As引出宾语补语、主语补语（complement补语）returnLesson1169

Accordingto按照，与…相应70

Whether与if的区别Lesson1370

Ratio…to…71

绝佳中英文翻译2010-03-1572

Chinglish72

交通大学2010-03-08讲73

方便2010-09-1673

不折腾2010-03-1573

你的英语够老外吗？

74

Humor幽默76

常用英语标识语77

错误英文标示81

useismadeof82

Cultureshock82

外国的品牌的中国名，中国品牌的外国名83

英语课堂练习83

英语课堂用语100句83

化学四门基础课85

考试86

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2．科技论文结构

3．专利结构

1.

Chapter1MatterandMeasurement

Chemistryisthescienceofmatterandthechangesitundergoes.Chemistsstudythecomposition,structure,andpropertiesofmatter.Theyobservethechangesthatmatterundergoesandmeasuretheenergythatisproducedorconsumedduringthesechanges.Chemistryprovidesanunderstandingofmanynaturaleventsandhasledtothesynthesisofnewformsofmatterthathavegreatlyaffectedthewaywelive.

Disciplineswithinchemistryaretraditionallygroupedbythetypeofmatterbeingstudiedorthekindofstudy.Theseincludeinorganicchemistry,organicchemistry,physicalchemistry,analyticalchemistry,polymerchemistry,biochemistry,andmanymorespecializeddisciplines,e.g.radiochemistry,theoreticalchemistry.

Chemistryisoftencalled"thecentralscience"becauseitconnectstheothernaturalsciencessuchasastronomy,physics,materialscience,biologyandgeology.

1.1.ClassificationofMatter

Matterisusuallydefinedasanythingthathasmassandoccupiesspace.Massistheamountofmatterinanobject.Themassofanobjectdoesnotchange.Thevolumeofanobjectishowmuchspacetheobjecttakesup.

Allthedifferentformsofmatterinourworldfallintotwoprincipalcategories:

（1）puresubstancesand

（2）mixtures.Apuresubstancecanalsobedefinedasaformofmatterthathasbothdefinitecompositionanddistinctproperties.Puresubstancesaresubdividedintotwogroups:

elementsandcompounds.Anelementisthesimplestkindofmaterialwithuniquephysicalandchemicalproperties;itcannotbebrokendownintoanythingsimplerbyeitherphysicalorchemicalmeans.Acompoundisapuresubstancethatconsistsoftwoormoreelementslinkedtogetherincharacteristicanddefiniteproportions;itcanbedecomposedbyachemicalchangeintosimplersubstanceswithafixedmassratio.Mixturescontaintwoormorechemicalsubstancesinvariableproportionsinwhichthepuresubstancesretaintheirchemicalidentities.Inprinciple,theycanbeseparatedintothecomponentsubstancesbyphysicalmeans,involvingphysicalchanges.Asampleishomogeneousifitalwayshasthesamecomposition,nomatterwhatpartofthesampleisexamined.Pureelementsandpurechemicalcompoundsarehomogeneous.Mixturescanbehomogeneous,too;inahomogeneousmixturetheconstituentsaredistributeduniformlyandthecompositionandappearanceofthemixtureareuniformthroughout.Asolutionsisaspecialtypeofhomogeneousmixture.Aheterogeneousmixturehasphysicallydistinctpartswithdifferentproperties.Theclassificationofmatterissummarizedinthediagrambelow:

Mattercanalsobecategorizedintofourdistinctphases:

solid,liquid,gas,andplasma.Thesolidphaseofmatterhastheatomspackedcloselytogether.Anobjectthatissolidhasadefiniteshapeandvolumethatcannotbechangedeasily.Theliquidphaseofmatterhastheatomspackedcloselytogether,buttheyflowfreelyaroundeachother.Matterthatisliquidhasadefinitevolumebutchangesshapequiteeasily.Solidsandliquidsaretermedcondensedphasesbecauseoftheirwell-definedvolumes.Thegasphaseofmatterhastheatomslooselyarrangedsotheycantravelinandouteasily.Agashasneitherspecificshapenorconstantvolume.Theplasmaphaseofmatterhastheatomsexistinginanexcitedstate.

Break2011-8-301st

1.2.PropertiesofMatter

Allsubstanceshaveproperties,thecharacteristicsthatgiveeachsubstanceitsuniqueidentity.Welearnaboutmatterbyobservingitsproperties.Toidentifyasubstance,chemistsobservetwodistincttypesofproperties,physicalandchemical,whicharecloselyrelatedtotwotypesofchangethatmatterundergoes.

Physicalpropertiesarethosethatasubstanceshowsbyitself,withoutchangingintoorinteractingwithanothersubstance.Somephysicalpropertiesarecolor,smell,temperature,boilingpoint,electricalconductivity,anddensity.Aphysicalchangeisachangethatdoesnotalterthechemicalidentityofthematter.Aphysicalchangeresultsindifferentphysicalproperties.Forexample,whenicemelts,severalphysicalpropertieshavechanged,suchashardness,density,andabilitytoflow.Butthesamplehasnotchangeditscomposition:

itisstillwater.

Chemicalpropertiesarethosethatdochangethechemicalnatureofmatter.Achemicalchange,alsocalledachemicalreaction,isachangethatdoesalterthechemicalidentityofthesubstance.Itoccurswhenasubstance（orsubstances）isconvertedintoadifferentsubstance（orsubstances）.Forexample,whenhydrogenburnsinair,itundergoesachemicalchangebecauseitcombineswithoxygentoformwater.

SeparationofMixtures

Theseparationofmixturesintoitsconstituentsinapurestateisanimportantprocessinchemistry.Theconstituentsofanymixturecanbeseparatedonthebasisoftheirdifferencesintheirphysicalandchemicalpropertiese.g.,particlesize,solubility,effectofheat,acidityorbasicityetc.

Someofthemethodsforseparationofmixturesare:

（1）Sedimentationordecantation.Toseparatethemixtureofcoarseparticlesofasolidfromaliquide.g.,muddyriverwater.

（2）Filtration.Toseparatetheinsolublesolidcomponentofamixturefromtheliquidcompletelyi.e.separatingtheprecipitate（solidphase）fromanysolution.

（3）Evaporation.Toseparateanon-volatilesolublesaltfromaliquidorrecoverthesolublesolidsolutefromthesolution.

（4）Crystallization.Toseparateasolidcompoundinpureandgeometricalform.

（5）Sublimation.Toseparatevolatilesolids,fromanon-volatilesolid.

（6）Distillation.Toseparatetheconstituentsofaliquidmixture,whichdifferintheirboilingpoints.

（7）Solventextractionmethod.Organiccompounds,whichareeasilysolubleinorganicsolventsbutinsolubleorimmisciblewithwaterformingtwoseparatelayerscanbeeasilyseparated.

1.3Atoms,MoleculesandCompounds

Thefundamentalunitofachemicalsubstanceiscalledanatom.ThewordisderivedfromtheGreekatomos,meaning“undivisible”or“uncuttable”.Anatomisthesmallestpossibleparticleofasubstance.

Moleculeisthesmallestparticleofasubstancethatretainsthechemicalandphysicalpropertiesofthesubstanceandiscomposedoftwoormoreatoms;agroupoflikeordifferentatomsheldtogetherbychemicalforces.Amoleculemayconsistofatomsofasinglechemicalelement,aswithoxygen（O2）,orofdifferentelements,aswithwater（H2O）.

Achemicalelementisapurechemicalsubstanceconsistingofonetypeofatomdistinguishedbyitsatomicnumber,whichisthenumberofprotonsinitsnucleus.Thetermisalsousedtorefertoapurechemicalsubstancecomposedofatomswiththesamenumberofprotons.UntilMarch2010,118elementshavebeenobserved.94elementsoccurnaturallyonearth,eitherasthepureelementormorecommonlyasacomponentincompounds.80elementshavestableisotopes,namelyallelementswithatomicnumbers1to82,exceptelements43and61（technetiumandpromethium）.Elementswithatomicnumbers83orhigher（bismuthandabove）areinherentlyunstable,andundergoradioactivedecay.Theelementsfromatomicnumber83to94havenostablenuclei,butareneverthelessfoundinnature,eithersurvivingasremnantsoftheprimordialstellarnucleosynthesisthatproducedtheelementsinthesolarsystem,orelseproducedasshort-liveddaughter-isotopesthroughthenaturaldecayofuraniumandthorium.Theremaining24elementssoareartificial,orsynthetic,elements,whichareproductsofman-inducedprocesses.Thesesyntheticelementsareallcharacteristicallyunstable.Althoughtheyhavenotbeenfoundinnature,itisconceivablethatintheearlyhistoryoftheearth,theseandpossiblyotherunknownelementsmayhavebeenpresent.Theirunstablenaturecouldhaveresultedintheirdisappearancefromthenaturalcomponentsoftheearth,however.

Thenaturallyoccurringelementswerenotalldiscoveredatthesametime.Some,suchasgold,silver,iron,lead,andcopper,havebeenknownsincethedaysofearliestcivilizations.Others,suchashelium,radium,aluminium,andbromine,werediscoveredinthenineteenthcentury.Themostabundantelementsfoundintheearth’scrust,inorderofdecreasingpercentage,areoxygen,silico