完整版英语词汇学复习题.docx

完整版英语词汇学复习题.docx

《完整版英语词汇学复习题.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《完整版英语词汇学复习题.docx（28页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

完整版英语词汇学复习题

Keytochapter1

1.Whatisaword?

.Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensound,meaningandsyntacticfunction.

2.Inwhatwayarewordsrelatedtovocabulary?

Vocabularyreferstothesumtotalofallthewordsinalanguage.Inotherwords,vocabularyiscomposedofwordsandwordsmakeupvocabulary.Ifwecomparevocabularytoafamily,wordsarefamilymembers.

3.Illustratetherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningwithexamples.

Soundisthephysicalaspectofawordandmeaningiswhatthesoundrefersto.Soundandmeaningarenotintrinsicallyrelatedandtheircollectionisarbitraryandconventional.Forexample,tree/tri:

/means树inEnglishbecausetheEnglish-speakingpeoplehaveagreedtodosojustasChinesepeopleuse/shù/（树）torefertothesamething.Thisexplainswhypeopleofdifferentlanguagesusedifferentsoundstoexpressthesameconcept.However,inthesamelanguages,thesamesoundcandenotedifferentmeanings,e.g./rait/canmeanright,rite,andwrite.

4.Enumeratethecausesforthedifferencesbetweensoundandformofenglishwords

Therearegenerallyfourmajorcausesofthedifferencesbetweensoundandform.⑴TherearemorephonemesthanlettersinEnglish,sothereisnowaytouseonelettertorepresentonephoneme.⑵Thestabilizationofspellingbyprinting,whichbreaksthesynchronizedchangeofsoundandspelling.⑶Influenceoftheworkofscribes,whodeliberatelychangedthespellingofwordsand⑷borrowing,whichintroducesmanywordswhichareagainstEnglishrulesofpronunciationandspelling.

5.Giveexamplestoshowtheinfluenceofearlyscribesonenglishspelling

Earlyscribeschangedthespellingofmanywordswhilecopyingthingsforothersbecausetheoriginalspellingformsincursivewritingweredifficultforpeopletorecognize,suchassum,cum,wuman,munkandsoon.Later,theletteruwithverticallineswasreplacedwitho,resultinginthecurrentspellingformslikesome,come,woman,monk.Thechangedspellingformsaremoredistinguishabletoreaders.

6.Whatarethecharacteristicsofbasicwordstock

WordsofthebasicwordstockformthecommoncoreoftheEnglishlanguage.Theyarethewordsessentialtonativespeakers’dailycommunication.Suchwordsarecharacterizedbyallnationalcharacter,stability,polysemy,productivityandcollocability.

7.choosethestandardmeaningformfromthelistontherighttomatcheachoftheslangwordsontheleft

Atartloosewomanb.blokefellowc.gatpistold.swellgreate.chickencoward

F.bluefightg.smokypolicehfulldrunki.damewomanj.beavergirl

8.giventhemodernequivalentsforthefollowingarchaicwords

haply=perhapsalbeit=althoughmethinks=itseemstomeeke=alsobade=bid

smooth=truthmorn=morningtroth=pledgeere=beforequoth=saidhallowed=holybillow=wave/thesea

9.Explainneologismswithexamples

Neologismsrefertonewly-coinedwordsoroldwordswithnewmeanings.Forexample,euro（欧元）,e-book（电子书）,SARS（非典）,netizen（网民）,arenewly-coinedwords.Wordslikemouse（鼠标）,web（网络）,spaceshuttle（航天飞机）etc.areoldwordswhichhaveacquirednewmeanings.

10.Whatisthefundamentaldifferencebetweencontentandfunctionalwords

Bynotion,wordsfallintocontentwordsandfunctionalwords.Contentwordsincludenouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbsandnumerals,whichhaveclearnotions;whereasfunctionalwordsarevoidofnotionsbutaremainlyusedtoconnectcontentwordsintosentences.Contentwordsarenumerousandchangingallthetime,whilefunctionalwordsaresmallinnumberandstable.Butfunctionalwordshavemuchhigherfrequencyinusethancontentwords.

11.Howdoyouaccountfortheroleofnativewordsinenglishinrelationtoloanwords?

NativewordsformasmallportionoftheEnglishvocabulary,buttheymakeupthemainstreamofthebasicword-stockwhichbelongstothecommoncoreoftheEnglishlanguage.Comparedwithmostloan-words,nativewordsaremostlyessentialtonativespeakers’dailycommunicationandenjoyamuchhigherfrequencyinactualuse.

12.Categorizethefollowingborrowedwordsintodenizens,alienstranslationloansandsemanticloans

DenizensAliensTranslationloansSemanticloans

kettleconfrerechopsticksdream

diepropatriablackhumour

skirtparvenulongtimenosee

wallWunderkindtyphoon

husbandMikado

Keytochapter2

1.WhyshouldstudentsofenglishlexicologystudytheIn-Europeanlanguagefamily?

TheIndo-EuropeLanguageFamilyisoneofthemostimportantlanguagefamiliesintheworld.ItismadeupofthelanguagesofEurope,theNearEastandIndia.EnglishbelongstothisfamilyandtheothermembersoftheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyhavedifferentdegreesofinfluenceonEnglishvocabulary.AknowledgeoftheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilywillhelpusunderstandEnglishwordsbetterandusethemmoreappropriately.

2.makeatreediagramtoshowthefamilyrelationsofthemodernlanguagegivenbelow

3.Whatarethefundamentaldifferencesbetweenthevocabulariesofthe3periodsofdevelopment?

Doyouthinkwecandividethehistoricaldevelopmentinotherways?

Defendyourargument.

Thevocabulariesofthethreeperiodsdiffergreatlyfromoneanther.OldEnglishhas

（1）asmallvocabulary（50000—60000）,

（2）asmallnumberofborrowingsfromLatinandScandinavianonlyand（3）thewordsfullofendings.MiddleEnglishhas

（1）acomparativelylargevocabulary,

（2）atremendousnumberofforeignwordsfromFrenchandLatinand（3）wordendingsleveled.ModernEnglishhas

（1）ahugeandheterogeneousvocabulary,

（2）tremendousborrowingsand（3）wordswithlostendings.

Yes,wecandividethedevelopmentsinotherways,forexample,OldEnglishperiodcanbecalledAnglo-Saxonperiod.AndMiddleEnglishmightstartfrom1066,thetimeofNormanConquest.Butindoingso,thelogicalcontinuationoftheethreephasesoftheoriginaldivisionislost.

4.whatcharacteristicsofenglishmaketheenglishlanguageheterogeneous?

itisreceptivityandadaptabilityoftheEnglishlanguagethatmakeitpossibleforEnglishtoborrowheavilyfromothermajor

languagesoftheworld,sothattheEnglishvocabularyeventuallyhasbecomeheterogeneous.

5.Accountforthepopularityofenglishinthepresentworldfromalinguisticperspective.

ThepopularityofEnglishliesinthefactthatEnglishisreadytoborrowfromotherlanguagesandtoadaptitselftonewsituationsandnewdevelopments,thatithasacceptedelementsfromallothermajorlanguagesandthatithassimplereflectionandarelativelyfixedwordorder.Allthesemakethelanguagecomparativelyeasytolearnandtouse.

6coursehumaneventsnecessarypeople

dissolvepoliticalconnectedassumepowers

separateequalstationnatureentitle

decentrespectopinionsrequiresdeclare

causesimpelseparation

Fromthewordspickedout,wecanseethatmostofthecontentwordsareeitherofGreekorLatinorigin.Whatweleftaremostlyfunctionalwords.ThisshowsthatGreekandLatinplayaveryimportantpartintheEnglishvocabulary.

7.Giveabriefaccountofthe4phasesofLatinborrowingwith2or3examplesforeachperiod.

Latinborrowingcanbedividedintofourphase:

（1）Pre-Anglo-Saxonperiod,

（2）OldEnglishperiod,（3）middleEnglishperiodand（4）ModernEnglishperiod.Borrowingsinthefirstperiodaremainlycommonwordssuchaswall,wine,kettleandsoon;Wordsborrowedinthesecondperiodaremainlyreligioustermssuchascandle,nun,church;thethirdperiodsawwordborrowedoftenviaFrenchsuchasfrustrate,history,infancyandsoonandintheforthperiodWordsborrowedfromLatinareusuallyabstractformaltermslikestatus,nucleus,minimum.

8.tellthedifferenceelementsthatmakeupthefollowinghybrids.

eventful[Latin+English]hydroplane[Greek+LatinFalsehood[Latin+English]pacifist[Latin+Greek]

Saxophone[German+Greek]heirloom[French+English]Josshouse[Portuguese+English]television[Greek+Latin]

9.putthefollowingFrenchloanwordinto2groups,onebeingearlyborrowingsandtheotherlateones.

amateur（late）finace（late）Empire（late）peace（early）Courage（early）garage（late）Judgement（early）chair（early）

Chaise（late）grace（early）Servant（early）routine（late）Jealous（early）savate（late）Genre（late）gender（early）

Debut（late）morale（late）State（early）chez（late）Ballet（late）

10.CommentonJespersen'sremarkonScandinavianelementinenglish"AnenglishmancannotthriveorbeillordiewithoutScandinavianwords,theyaretothelanguagewhatbreadandeggsaretothedailyfare.

Jespersen’scommentrevealstheimportanceofScandinavianwordsinEnglish.Justaspeoplecannotlivewithoutbreadandeggs,soEnglishlanguagecannotoperateproperlywithoutScandinavianwords.

11.MatchtheItalianmusicaltermswiththeproperdefinitions

allegrof.轻快Altoi.女低音Andantej行板Crescendob.渐强Diminuendog.渐弱Fortee.强

Largod.缓慢Pianoh.轻Pianofortea.轻转慢Sopranoc.女高音

12.Lookupthesewordsinadictionarytodeterminethelanguagefromwhicheachhasbeenborrowed

cherub（Hebrew）chipmunk（AmericanIndian）Chocolate（Mexican）coolie（Hindi）Cotton（Arabic）jubilee（Greek）

Lasso（Spanish）loot（Hindi）Sabbath（Hebrew）shampoo（Hindi）Snorkel（German）ttamale（Mexican）

Tepee（American）tulip（Turkish）Voodoo（African）kibitz（German）Wok（Chinese）sauerbraten（German）

13.Hereisamenuofloanwordsfromvarioussources.Chooseawordtofillineachspace.

a.alligatorb.Lococ.rodeod..Bonanzae.igloof.Blitzkriegg.wigwamh.Canoei.hurricanej.Boomerangk.poncho

14.Describethecharacteristicsof