研究生跨文化交际英语教程 case学习.docx

研究生跨文化交际英语教程 case学习.docx

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研究生跨文化交际英语教程case学习

第一单元CommunicationAcrossCultures概括介绍跨文化交际，重点描述当今席卷世界的“全球化”浪潮和由此产生的不同文化之间的碰撞和冲突，并在此时代背景下来认识身处“地球村”中的不同文化群体所共同面对的跨文化交际问题。

第二单元CultureandCommunication以文化和交际为中心话题，主要说明文化构成了

人们的基本生存环境，人类社会生活中的一切无不受到文化的制约和规定，介绍交际及其过

程所涉及的各种因素，揭示交际的复杂性与开放性，以及文化与交际的不可分离。

第三单元CulturalDiversity以文化的多样性为中心话题，主要讨论不同文化之间在许多

方面、尤其是价值观上所存在的巨大差异，并提供了对文化差异进行描述与分析的一些基本

框架。

第四单元LanguageandCulture主要介绍语言与文化之间的相互关系，分析不同语言在使用上所存在的显性与隐性文化差异，以及这些差异对跨文化交际的影响。

第五单元CultureandVerbalCommunication着重介绍人们社会交往中的语言使用和文

化与语言之间的相互关系，分析不同语言在使用上所存在的显性与隐性文化差异，以及这些

差异对跨文化交际的影响。

第六单元CultureandNonverbalCommunication主要涉及各种形式的非言语交际，包

括手势、表情、眼神、姿态、身体接触以及等，同时描述了不同文化在非言语行为上的种种

差异。

第七单元TimeandSpaceAcrossCultures的主要内容是关于时间和空间在交际中的使

用，重点分析不同文化间在这些方面存在的差异及其对跨文化交际的影响。

第八单元Cross-culturalPerception所介绍的主要是不同文化群体的相互感知与认识，民

族中心主义倾向对跨文化交际的影响，

第九单元InterculturalAdaptation主要涉及跨文化调节与适应过程中发生的文化冲击及

其应对方法，以及生活在多元文化世界中会面临的问题等。

第十单元AquiringInterculturalCompetence重点介绍有关跨文化交际能力的形成和培

养问题，并涉及跨文化交际的改善和未来发展走向。

unit1

CommunicationAcrossCultures

WarmUp

Questions

1.Whyisitdifficulttoexplaintoablindpersonwhatcolorsare?

2.Doyousometimesfindithardtomakeyourselfproperlyunderstoodbyothers?

Ifyoudo,why

doyouthinkitishard?

Itisverydifficultforpeopletounderstandoneanotheriftheydonotsharethesameexperiences.Ofcourse,weallsharetheexperienceofbeinghuman,buttherearemanyexperienceswhichwedonotshareandwhicharedifferentforallofus.Itisthesedifferentexperiencesthatmakeupwhatiscalled―culture‖inthesocialsciences－thehabitsofeverydaylife,thecuestowhichpeoplerespond,theautomaticreactionstheyhavetowhatevertheyseeandhear.Theseoften

differ,andthedifferencesmayintroducemisunderstandingswhereweseekunderstanding.

caseStudy

case1

Inthiscase,thereseemedtobeproblemsincommunicatingwithpeopleofdifferentculturesinspiteoftheeffortsmadetoachieveunderstanding.

WeshouldknowthatinEgyptasinmanycultures,thehumanrelationshipisvaluedsohighlythatitisnotexpressedinanobjectiveandimpersonalway.WhileAmericanscertainlyvaluehumanrelationships,theyaremorelikelytospeakoftheminlesspersonal,moreobjectiveterms.Inthiscase,Richard‘smistakemightbethathechosetopraisethefooditselfratherthanthetotalevening,forwhichthefoodwassimplythesettingorexcuse.Forhishostandhostessitwasasifhehad

attendedanartexhibitandcomplimentedtheartistbysaying,―Whatbeautifulframesyourpicturesarein.

‖InJapanthesituationmaybemorecomplicated.Japanesepeoplevalueorderandharmonyamongpersonsinagroup,andthattheorganizationitself－beitafamilyoravastcorporation－ismorevaluedthanthecharacteristicsofanyparticularmember.Incontrast,Americansstressindividualityasavalueandareapttoassertindividualdifferenceswhentheyseemjustifiablyinconflictwiththegoalsorvaluesofthegroup.Inthiscase:

Richard‘smistakewasinmakinggreateffortstodefendhimself.Lettheothersassumethattheerrorswerenotintentional,butitisnotrighttodefendyourself,evenwhenyourunstatedintentistoassistthegroupbywarningothersofsimilarmistakes.Asimpleapologyandacceptanceoftheblamewouldhavebeenappropriate.ButforpoorRichardtohavemerelyapologizedwouldhaveseemedtohimtobesubservient,unmanly.

WhenitcomestoEngland,weexpectfewerproblemsbetweenAmericansandEnglishmen

thanbetweenAmericansandalmostanyothergroup.Inthiscasewemightlookbeyondthegestureoftakingsugarorcreamtothevaluesexpressedinthisgesture:

forAmericans,―Helpyourself‖;fortheEnglishcounterpart,―Bemyguest.‖AmericanandEnglishpeopleequallyenjoyentertainingandbeingentertainedbuttheydiffersomewhatinthevalueofthedistinction.Typically,theidealguest

atanAmericanpartyisonewho―makeshimselfathome,‖eventothepointofansweringthedoororfixinghisowndrink.Forpersonsinmanyothersocieties,includingatleastthishypotheticalEnglishhost,suchguestbehaviorispresumptuousorrude.

case2

Acommonculturalmisunderstandinginclassesinvolvesconflictsbetweenwhatissaidtobe

directcommunicationstyleandindirectcommunicationstyle.InAmericanculture,peopletendto

saywhatisontheirmindsandtomeanwhattheysay.Therefore,studentsinclassareexpectedto

askquestionswhentheyneedclarification.Mexicanculturesharesthispreferenceofstylewith

Americancultureinsomesituations,andthat‘swhythestudentsfromMexicoreadilyadoptedthe

techniquesofaskingquestionsinclass.However,Koreanpeoplegenerallypreferindirect

communicationstyle,andthereforetheytendtonotsaywhatisontheirmindsandtorelymoreon

implicationsandinference,soastobepoliteandrespectfulandavoidlosingfacethroughany

improperverbalbehavior.Asismentionedinthecase,tomanyKoreans,numerousquestionswouldshowadisrespectfortheteacher,andwouldalsoreflectthatthestudenthasnotstudiedhardenough.

case3

Theconflicthereisadifferenceinculturalvaluesandbeliefs.Inthebeginning,Marydidn‘t

realizethatherDominicansistersawherasamemberofthefamily,literally.IntheDominicanview,familypossessionsaresharedbyeveryoneofthefamily.LuzwasactingasmostDominicansisterswoulddoinborrowingwithoutaskingeverytime.OnceMaryunderstoodthattherewasadifferentwayoflookingatthis,shewouldbecomemoreaccepting.However,shemightstillexperiencethesamefrustrationwhenthishappenedagain.Shehadtofindwaystocopewithherownemotionalculturalreactionaswellasherpracticalproblem（thebatteriesrunningout）.

case4

Itmightbesimplyaquestionofdifferentrhythms.Americanshaveonerhythmintheirpersonal

andfamilyrelations,intheirfriendlinessandtheircharities.Peoplefromothercultureshave

differentrhythms.TheAmericanrhythmisfast.Itischaracterizedbyarapidacceptanceofothers.

However,itisseldomthatAmericansengagethemselvesentirelyinafriendship.Theirfriendships

arewarm,butcasual,andspecialized.Forexample,youhaveaneighborwhodropsbyinthe

morningforcoffee.Youseeherfrequently,butyouneverinviteherfordinner---notbecauseyou

don‘tthinkshecouldhandleaforkandaknife,butbecauseyouhaveseenherthatmorning.

Therefore,youreserveyourmoreformalinvitationtodinnerforsomeonewholivesinamore

distantpartofthecityandwhomyouwouldnotseeunlessyouextendedaninvitationforaspecial

occasion.Now,ifthefirstfriendmovesawayandthesecondonemovesnearby,youarelikelyto

reversethis---seethesecondfriendinthemorningsforinformalcoffeemeetings,andthefirstone

youwillinvitemoreformallytodinner.

Americansare,inotherwords,guidedveryoftenbytheirownconvenience.Theytendtomake

friendseasily,andtheydon‘tfeelitnecessarytogotoagreatamountoftroubletoseefriendsoften

whenitbecomesinconvenienttodoso,andusuallynooneishurt.Butinsimilarcircumstancespeoplefrommanyothercultureswouldbehurtverydeeply.

unit2

CultureandCommunication

WarmUp

Questions

1.WhywasTomconsideredarudehostbyhisvisitors?

Trytofigureoutatleastthreethingsamong

thefollowingTomdidthatwereregardedtobeimpolite.

a.Tominvitesthemtovisithishomebutdoesnotinvitethemtohavedinnerwithhim.

b.Tomopenedthegiftassoonashewaspresentedwithit.

c.

Tomthanksthemonlytwiceforthegift.

d.Tomdoesnotmakeasecondofferofdrinkswhentheyrefusethefirst.

e.

f.

TomtalksaboutthecostoflivingintheU.S.A.

Tomdoesnotaskthemtostaylongerwhentheysaytheymustbeleaving.

g.Tomdoesnotgoouttoseethemoff.

h.Tomdoesnotpromisetoreturnthemavisitlater.

2.HowcanyouexplainthefactthatTomismisunderstoodwhenheactuallywantstobekindand

friendlytothevisitors?

WhatarethethingsthatTomdidwouldberegardedasimpolite?

Toanswerthisquestionwe

havetoknowtheculturalbackgroundofhisguestsandhowdifferentitisfromtheAmericanculture.

SupposetheguestswerefromChina,anditseemsthatatleastb.,d.,f.andg.maybeconsideredas

impolite.Iftheguestswerefromsomeotherculture,theanswermightbedifferent.

caseStudy

case5

InChina,itisoftennotpolitetoacceptafirstofferandHepingwasbeingmodest,politeand

well-behavedandhadeveryintentionofacceptingthebeeratthesecondorthirdoffer.Buthehad

notfiguredonNorthAmericanruleswhichfirmlysaythatyoudonotpushalcoholicbeverageson

anyone.Apersonmaynotdrinkforreligiousreasons,hemaybeareformedalcoholic,orhemaybe

allergic.Whateverthereasonbehindtherule,youdonotinsistinofferingalcohol.Sounconscious

andsostrongaretheirculturalrulesthattheAmericansequallypolitelynevermadeasecondofferof

beertoHepingwhoprobablythoughtNorthAmericansmostuncouth.

However,whatwehavetorememberisthatculturesareseldomastricteither-orinevery

instanceforallpeopleandtherearealwaysindividualdifferences.ProbablythisyoungChinese

nursewasverydifferentfromHepingor,unlikeHeping,shemayhaveknownsomethingaboutthe

AmericanculturalrulesandwasjusttryingtobehavelikeanAmericanwhenshewasinan

Americanfamily.

case6

Whenaspeakersayssomethingtoahearer,thereareatleastthreekindsofmeaningsinvolved:

utterancemeaning,speaker‘smeaningandhearer‘smeaning.Inthedialogue,whenLitzsaid‗How

longisshegoingtostay?

‘shemeanttosaythatifsheknewhowlonghermother-in-lawwasgoing

to