奈达翻译理论研究第四章笔记.docx

奈达翻译理论研究第四章笔记.docx

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奈达翻译理论研究第四章笔记

ChapterfourAcomparativestudyofNida’stheoryandJinDi’stheory

JinDi,onthebasisofNida’stheory,heformulatedhisowntheoryof“equivalenteffect”.

4.1JinDi’sTranslationTheory

JinDiisrenownedforhistranslationtheoryof“equivalenteffect”andhisChineseversionofUlysses.

4.1.1AsurveyofJin’stranslationactivityandtranslationstudy

InhisworkInSearchofthePrincipleofEquivalentEffect（1989）,heputforwardhisowntheoryof“equivalenteffect”.

4.1.2Jin’sviewontranslationbeforehisreceptionofNida’stheory

Thegistofhisargumentwasthat“translatingmustmeettherequirementsofaccuracyandsmoothness.”

“Accuracy”meantthecontentofthetranslatedtextshouldbeconsistentwiththatoftheoriginaltext.

“Smoothness”meantthelanguageofthetranslatedtextshouldconformtotheconventionofthetargetlanguage.

Accuracyandsmoothnessintranslationweretwosidesofacoin,andonecouldnotbeseparatedfromanother.

WhatdistinguishedJinfromotherswasthathestronglyobjectedtothenthepopularideathat“faithfulnessshouldbegivenpriorityoversmoothnesswhenoneofthemhastobesacrificed”.

Jinmentionedmorethanoncethecloserelationshipbetweentranslationaccuracyandtargetreaders.Hewrote:

Atranslationshouldbesmoothandnaturalsothattargetreadersdonotfeelbiggapsbetweenthetwolanguagesconcerned.Accuracyandsmoothnessasatranslationstandardareliketwosidesofacoin,onecannotbeseparatedfromtheother.Ifthereadercannotunderstandtheso-called“accurate”translationanddonotknowwhatitmeans,thereisoflittlesignificanceforsuch“accuracy”.Ifthetranslatoronlypaysattentiontosmoothnessinhiswork,butignorestheconsistencybetweentheoriginaltextandthetranslatedtext,histranslationisnotlegitimate.

4.1.3Jin’stheoryofequivalenteffectanditsrelationshipwithNida’stheory

InOnTranslation:

withspecialreferencetoChineseandEnglish,JinbasicallyadoptedNida’s“dynamicequivalence”,whichwasdefinedintermsofadynamicrelationship,namely,“therelationshipoftargetlanguagereceptorstothetargetlanguagetextshouldberoughlyequivalenttotherelationshipbetweentheoriginalreceptorsandtheoriginaltext”.

Thebookmentionedabovewasacclaimedas“amasterpieceofcombinationofNida’stranslationtheorywithChinesetranslationwithChinesetranslationpractice”.

JinarguedthatNida’stheorywasintendedtoguideBibletranslationforevangelism,andtheultimatepurposeofBibletranslatingwastomakereceptors“responsetothetranslatedmessageinaction”.Thus,accordingtoJin,theconceptof“response”inNida’stheorywasnotsuitableforatheoryofgeneraltranslation.Jinexplained:

Althoughreceptors’responsecouldbeusedasanimportantfeedbacktoevaluatehowthereceptorsunderstandandappreciatethetranslationtosomeextent,andthetranslatorcouldtestthequalityofhistranslationaccordingtoreceptor’sresponse,suchactivityoccursonlyafterthetranslationiscompleted.Sinceeachreceptor’sresponseandreactioninvolveanumberofsubjectiveandobjectivepersonalfactors,itisnecessaryforustoexplorethesefactorsinourstudyoftranslationprocess.Hence,inourdiscussiontheterm“effect”referstotheimpactofthetranslatedmessageuponthereceptorsinsteadofthereceptors’response.（ThiswasthereasonwhyJinmodifiedNida’s“dynamicequivalence”,andputforwardhisowntheoryof“equivalenteffect”.

等效定义（方式一）:

theobjectiveofanequivalenteffecttranslationisthatalthoughtheformofatranslatedtextmaybedifferentfromthatoftheoriginaltext,thereceptor-languagereadercanobtainamessageassubstantiallythesameasthesource-languagereaderdoesfromtheoriginal,includingmainspirit,concretefactsandartisticimagery.

分析:

inJin’sview,onlywhenthethreeessentialfactors（“mainspirit,“concretefacts”and“artisticimagery”）oftheoriginalweresuccessfullyreproducedinthereceptorlanguagecouldatranslationbetermedasatranslationofequivalenteffect.

Inshort,thedelimitationoftheconceptof“effect”as“impact”insteadof“response”,andtheemphasisonthereproductionofthethreefactorsconstituteJin’stheoryof“equivalenteffect”.

Inhisarticle,“TranslatingSpirit”,heborrowedtwocharactersfromYanFu’sthree-charactertranslationprincipleandadvancedhistheoryof“faithfulness,expressivenessandspirit”（信，达，神韵）.Theterm“spirit”inJin’stheorywasusedinabroadsense,indicatingvariousartisticstylesofliteraryworks.

等效定义（方式二）：

thethree-characterprincipleof“faithfulness,expressivenessandspirit”indicatedthatfaithfulrepresentationofthefundamentalfacts,transferenceofeffectandreproductionofartisticstylerespectively.

InrecentyearsJinbegantoputmoreemphasisonthe“reproductionofartisticstyle”,andtriedtodevelophistheoryof“equivalenteffect”bymakinguseofChinesetraditionaltranslationtheoryandclassicliterarycriticism.

Jin’stheorydeviatedawayfromNida’stheorybecauseNida’stheoryfailstoadequatelyaddresstheproblemoftransferenceofaestheticvaluesinliterarytranslation;whileJin,havingattemptedtosolveit,hastoabsorbChinesetraditionaltranslationtheoryandclassicliterarycriticism,wherediscussionaboutstylisticoraestheticeffectsandtheirtransferenceareabundant.

4.2RethinkingNida’sdynamicequivalence

4.2.1Therelationshipbetweendynamicequivalenceandtheprincipleofequivalenteffect

Asearlyas1790,Tytlerstatedthatagoodtranslationwasoncein“whichthemeritoftheoriginalworkissocompletelytransfusedintoanotherlanguage,astobedistinctlyapprehended,andstronglyfelt,byanativeofthecountrytowhichthatlanguagebelongs,asitisbythosewhospeakthelanguageoftheoriginalwork”.Tytlerwasconsideredthefirstpersonwhohaddiscussedtheissueofequivalenteffectinthehistoryoftranslationtheory.ButitwasE.V.Rieuwhofirstusedtheexpression“theprincipleofequivalenteffect”todiscusstranslation.

Arnoldstatedthat“Atranslationshouldaffectusinthesamewayastheoriginalmaybesupposedtohaveaffecteditsfirsthearers”.

Jowettexpressedthat“Thetranslatorseekstoproduceonhisreaderanimpressionsimilarornearlysimilartothatproducedbytheoriginal”.

ThereasonwhyNida’stheoryisalsocalledtheprincipleof“equivalenteffect”inthewestisthat:

atranslationwhichattemptstoproduceadynamicratherthanaformalequivalentisbasedupon“theprincipleofequivalenteffect”.Insuchatranslationoneisnotsoconcernedwithmatchingthereceptor-languagemessagewiththesource-languagemessage,butwiththedynamicrelationship,thattherelationshipbetweenreceptorandmessageshouldbesubstantiallythesameasthatwhichexistedbetweentheoriginalreceptorsandthemessage.

4.2.2Thescientificbasisofdynamicequivalence/functionalequivalence

Nidaborrowstheconceptofthedecoder’schannelcapacityfrominformationtheorytoexplaintheacceptabilityofmessagebyreadersinbothoriginalcommunicationandtranslation.Andheprovesthatadynamicequivalenttranslationfitsthereceptor’schannelcapacitysoastodecodethetranslatedtextwitheaseandefficiencyinhisownculturaltext.

Theterm“dynamic”impliesascientificbasis.Thedynamicaspectisaboutacomparisonoftworelations,namely,“Therelationoftargetlanguagereceptorstothetargetlanguagetextshouldberoughlyequivalenttotherelationshipbetweentheoriginalreceptorsandtheoriginaltext”.Suchrelationshipindicatesthattranslatingisnotcompletedunlessthetranslatedmessageisreceivedbythereaderinthereceptorlanguageinsubstantiallythesamemannerastheoriginalmessageisreceivedbytheoriginalreader.

When“dynamicequivalence”isreplacedwith“functionalequivalence”inordertoavoidmisunderstandingsabouttheterm“dynamic”,Nida,havingdrawnupontheconceptofisomorphs,furtherjustifies“functionalequivalence”.Isomorphsareanextensionofthesemioticconceptof“iconicity”or“mattersoflikeness”.Functionalisomorphsaredefinedonthebasisofthemeansforaccomplishingessentiallythesameresultswithindifferentsystems.

Tosumup,“dynamicequivalence”/“functionalequivalence”isbasedontheprincipleof“equivalenteffect”.WhatdistinguishedNida’stheoryfromotherprincipleofequivalenteffectwasthatithadasolidscientificbasis,andNidaprovedthelegitimacyofhistheoryfrominsightscomingfromcommunicationtheoryandsociosemiotics.

4.2.3Theimmediateconcernofdynamicequivalence

Nidafurtherexplained“dynamicequivalence”inawaythatwasdirectlyrelevanttoBibletranslating:

Itwouldbewrongtothink,however,thattheresponseofthereceptorsinthesecondlanguageismerelyintermsofcomprehensionoftheinformation,forcommunicationisnotmerelyinformative.ItmustalsobeexpressiveandimperativeifitistoservetheprincipalpurposesofcommunicationssuchasthosefoundintheBible.Thatistosay,atranslationoftheBiblemustnotonlyprovideinformationwhichpeoplecanunderstandbutmustpresentthemessageinsuchawaythatpeoplecanfeelitsrelevanceandcanthenrespondtoitinaction.

4.3Jin’sroleinpopularizingNida’stheory

4.3.1Jin’scontributiontoabetterunderstandingofNida’stheory

JinrightlycommentedonNida’scontributiontotheprincipleof“equivalenteffect”:

ThegreatcontributionEugeneNidamadewastoshiftthefocusthecomparisontexts,thesource-languageandthetarget-languagetexts,toacomparisonofthetwocommunicationprocessesinvolved.Asthemessageinacommun