The Research of Resources conservation strategy of Rhododendron in Gaoligong Mountains.docx

The Research of Resources conservation strategy of Rhododendron in Gaoligong Mountains.docx

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TheResearchofResourcesconservationstrategyofRhododendroninGaoligongMountains

高黎贡山杜鹃属植物资源保护策略研究

肖诗栋

（何芷怡、何燕梅、曾嘉琪、江伟萍、张丽红、陈姝宇翻译）

ThestrategyResearchofResourcesconservationofRhododendroninGaoligongMountains

Abstract:

TheGaoligongMountainsischaracterizedbyrichEricaceaespeciesinchina.Atotalofabout800-900speciesofRhododendronplantsappearintheworld,about650speciesinchina.IntheGaoligongMountains,thereare140speciesandvarietasofRhododendron,whichisthelargestgenusofseedplantsintheGaoligongMountains,41speciesofthembecametheendemicspeciesandvarietasofGaoligongMountain.TheGaoligongMountainhasbeenrecognizedasthediversitycenterofRhododendronplants.Thus,howtoprotectrhododendronresourcesefficientlyandhowtouseitrationallyhasbecomeoneofthekeyissuesofbiodiversityconversationintheGaoligongMountains.Baseduponthephysicalgeography,basics,distribution,speciescharacteristicsandresourcessuperiorityandaimedatvulnerabilityandthenecessityofprotectiontodiscuss,thepaperputforwardaccordingly6protectionstrategy.

Keywords:

GaoligongMountain,Rhododendron,Plantresources,rationallyuse,protectionstrategy

1.Naturalgeographicalconditions

1.1Location

GaoligongMountainislocatedbetweentheNujiangRiverandIrrawaddy,whichrunsthroughtheHengduanMountainsfromsouthtonorth,liesbetweennorthlatitudeof24°40′-28°30.AdministrativedistrictsbelongingtoLongyangDistrict,TengchongCountry,LonglingCountry，GongshanCountryinNujiangstate,FugongCountry,HushuiCountryinBaoshanCityofYunnanProvinceandKachinStateinBurma..Inthegeologicalstructure,itlocatedinthenorthoftheancientsouthshanstate-MalayaPlate,themiddleofSouthChinaplateandYangtzeplatewhereisapartofGondwanaland.SincetheMiocene,duetotheIndianplateandtheTibetanplatecollisionthatmakestheGaoligongstronglyuplift,thehighestandthelowestpeakisGawagapuPeakandNujiangValley.Withthehighestandlowestaltitudesbeingrespectively5,128and650metersabovethesealevel,relativeheightdifferenceof4478meters.Becauseofitsuniquegeographicalandecologicalenvironment,itwascharacterizedasoneoftheInternationalsignificanceofthebiologicalresourcesandbiodiversityprotectionofcriticalareas,alsothepopularspotofgeologicalandbiologicalstudies.

1.2Climates

DuetotheinfluenceoftheIndianOceanwind,it'seasytofeelthedryandwetseason,thedifferenceintemperatureindayisnotasbigastheyear’s.Theverticalchangeofclimateiscompletelyobvious.Fromthefootofthemountaintoitstopthereareconcretely4differenttypesnamelysubtropical,warmtemperate,midtemperate,andcoldtemperatezones.Thetemperatureineastslopeishigherthanwestslope,however,theprecipitationinwestslopeisricherthaneast,thesamewithhumidity.Theprecipitationofwindsweepisreachuptomorethan3600mm.

1.3Soil

Thehillyaltitudinalzonedistributeazonalsoilsuccessivelyliketorridredsoils,redearths,yellowearths,yellow-brownearths,brownearths,dark-brownearth,subalpinemeadowsoils,limestonesoilandpurpleearthsetc.inGaoligongMountain.

2.ThehistoryofstudiesontheGaoligongMountains’Rhododendronplants

Thedifficultyofaccessandremainscomparativelyunderdevelopedineconomic,workdoneunderharshconditions,thosereasonsmadethestudiesonGaoligongMountains’biodiversityhasbeenkeptweakenarea.Duringmid-19thcentury,EnglishmanNilsJohanAndersonhadleadedtheteamintotheGaoligongMountainstwice（1868sand1875s）forcollectinganimalspecimenfromBurma.However,thecollectionofherbariumwasbegunattheendofthe19thcenturyandthebeginningofthe20thcentury.Rhododendronplantsweretheemphasisofallpastobservationsfromthestart.ItwasoncehadmanybatchescameinGaoligongMountainsforcollectingseedlingsandspecimen,thosebatchesincludedEnglishmanGeorgeForrest（1904–1932,7times）,AustrianReginaldFarrer（1914）,AmericanJ.F.Rock（1922）,EnglishmanFrankKingdonWard（1922）.ThespecimentheyhadcollectedhavebeenkeepinginEuramericanherbarium,andtheRoyalBotanicGardenEdinburghintheUKhavekeepthemostherbarium.Forinstance,GeorgeForrest,anEnglishbotanistwhofirstcametoYunnanProvinceinChinaat1904,hehadbeenstayedinTengchongCounty,westernYunnanprovincefor28yearslong.Andhedeadonhiswaytoexpeditions,hiswasburiedintheLaifengshanForestPark.GeorgeForresthadorganizedseventimeslarge-scaleexplorations.Inthoseexplorations,theycollectedmorethan30000specimens,andintroducedabove1000kindslivingplants,includingmorethan250kindsofrhododendron.ItplayedadecisiveroleinthewayofRoyalBotanicalGardenbecametheworldrhododendronresearchcentre.Nowadays,Rhododendronprotistumvar.giganteum,R.beesianum,R.adenogynum,thoserhododendronswhichGeorgeForrestintroducedfromGaoligongMountainshavebeenlivingmorethan80yearsintheBenmoreBotanicGarden,asubsectionofRoyalBotanicGarden.R.forrestiiwasnamedforrecognizedhissignificantcontributioninbotanicdomain,especiallythestudyofrhododendron.

ThestudyoftheGaoligongMountainsplantswasstaredfrom20thcentury30s,andtheRhododendronkeptanimportantpartoftheresearch.BotanistsYuDejun,CaiXitao,WangQiwuhaddonetheplantinspectionsandcollectingforseveraltimesintheGaoligongMountains,botanistFengGuomeihaddonetheplantsresearchintheTengchongandGongshanetc..Sincethe1950s,MaoPinyi,YinWenqing,ChenJie,WuSugong,TaoDeding,LiShengtang,DengBaifu,LinQin,ZhaoJiazhi,thoseexplorersfromtheKunmingIstituteofBotanyandtheSouthwestForestryUniversityhadwenttoGaoligongMountainregionforbotanicalexpeditionandplantspecimencollection.1981-1983,Qinghai-TibetexpeditionofChineseAcademyofSciencesandtheHengduanMountainsexpeditionhadbeentookanexpeditiononthevegetationinthenorthsectionofGaoligongMountains.Since1995,researchfellowLiHengfromKunmingInstituteofBotany,ChineseAcademyofScienceswithscientistsfromBaoshanAuthorityandNujiangAuthority,twobranchesofGaoligongMountainNatureReserve,workedtogetherwithEnglishbotanistsat1996.TheyalsoworkedwithbotanistsfromEngland,AmericaandAustraliaat1997and1998.TheyhadtakeneighttimesexpeditionsatBaoshanBaihualing,TengchongGaoligongMountainswestsection,Lushui,Fugong,Gongshan,andtheycollectedalmost7000plantspecimens,andpublishedmonograph“GaoligongMountainsplants.”

3.ThestatusofgenusRhododendronresourcesinGaoligongMountain

Sortingthepastinvestigationdatasbysystematicanalysing,thereare2phyla,210families,1086genera,4303speciesandvarietas,whichbelongtospermatophyte,knowninGaoligongMountainregion.ThespermatophytesknowninGaoligongMountaininclude187kindsofspeciesandvarietiesof9genusofEricaceaeplant.However,onlygenusRhododendronhavereached140kindsofspecies（includingvarieties）,whichbecomethebiggestgenusofGaoligongMountain（form1）.GenusRhododendronhaveoccupied41species（includingsubspecies）of434speciestypicalplantsinGaoligongMountain,andalsohavebeendividedinto5subgenusthatoriginalsubgenusHymenanthesandsubgenusRhododendronareinthemajority.Whetheranalysefrompopulationdensityorrichnessofendemicspecies,GaoligongMountainisthemainlydifferentiationofgenusRhododendronwithoutdoubt.Inotherwords,GaoligongMountainisalsooneoftheimportantproductionplacesofEricaceaetypespecimen.Accordingtostatistics,thereare69kindsofspeciesandvarietiesofEricaceae’stypespecimenhavebeencollectedinGaoligongMountain.

3.1ThestatusofgenusRhododendron’sverticaldistribution

ThevegetationverticaldistributionofGaoligongMountainisquiteconspicuous,fromthearroyotomountaintop,itdistributesinturnasthefollowings,thevegetationofsavannashrub&grassindry-hotvalley（1000mbelowsealevel）,monsoonevergreenbroadleafforest（from1000mto1800mabovethesealevel）,mid-montanehumidevergreenbroadleafforest（from1800mto2600m）,hemlockconiferousandbroardleafmixedforestorsummitmossydwarfforest（from2600mto3100m）,Cangshanabiesfabriandrhododendrongargesiaforest（from3100mto3400m）,alpinebrushesandmeadow（from3400mto4500m）etc.vegetationtypes.Accordingtoanalysetowardstheform1,wecanlearnthatGaoligongMountaingenusrhododendronplantsmainlydistributebetween1000mto4500mabovethesealevel,thedistributionofGaoligongMountaingenusrhododendronplantsineachvegetationtypeasthefollowings（numerousspeciescrossingseveralvegetationtypes）:

①thereare15speciesandvarietiesgenusrhododendrondistributeinmonsoonevergreenbroadleafforest,whichaccountfor10.7%oftotalofgenusrhododendron;②thereare54kindsofspeciesandvarietiesinmid-montaneumidevergreenbroadleafforest,whichis38.6%ofthetotalofgenusrhododendron;③thereare89kindsofspeciesandvarietiesinhemlockconiferousandbroardleafmixedforestorsummitmossydwarfforest,whichmakeup63.6%thegenusrhododendron’stotal;④thereare69kindsofspeciesandvarietiesinCangshanabiesfabriandrhododendrongargesiaforest,whichaccountfor49.3%oftotalofgenusrhododendron;⑤thereare77kindsofspeciesandvarietiesinalpinebrushesandmeadow,whichmakeup55%thegenusrhododendron’stotal.

3.2Thefeaturesofgenusrhododendronplants

Whenitcomestogenusrhododendronplants,therenotonlyexistdwarfshrub,butalsohavetallarbor,theshrubonlyseveralcent