从属结构-Coordination-&-Subordination.ppt

从属结构-Coordination-&-Subordination.ppt

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,Lecture13Coordination&Subordination,Preliminaries:

1.Whysentencebcannotreplacesentencea?

a.MaryispoorbutJohnishappy.b.?

*AlthoughMaryispoor,Johnishappy.2.Whatdocoordinationandsubordinationmeans?

Illustratethetermswithexemplifications.,Lecture13Coordination&Subordination,CoordinationSubordination,Coordination,Acoordinationisasequenceofsemantically-relatedgrammaticalunitsthataresimilarinform,equalinrankofstructure,identicalinfunctionandareconnectedbycoordinators,e.g.husbandandwife,upanddowngoodbutexpensive,bravebutfoolishstayorleave,tobeornottobeNotes:

Coordinationmaybeondifferentlevelofstructures（words,phrases,orclauses）Coordinatingdevicesmayincludecoordinatorsandpunctuationmarks.,Coordinators,ModernEnglishhasthreebasiccoordinators:

and,or,but.Addedtotheseareyet,so,nor,itemsthatcanfunctionbothasconjunctionsandasconjunctiveadverbs.Inaddition,therearesomecorrelativecoordinatorssemanticallyrelatedtothebasiccoordinatorssuchasbothand,notonlybutalso,notnor,neithernor,eitheror,etc.Therearealsoquasi-coordinatorssuchaswellas,asmuchas,ratherthan,morethan,etc.rankingbetweenacoordinatorsandasubordinatororcomplexpreposition.Finally,forcanbeaeitherasacoordinatororasasubordinator.Inourcoursebook,foristreatedasasubordinator,introducinganadverbialclauseofcause,likebecause.,Coordinators,Semanticallyconsidered,Englishcoordinatorscanberoughlydividedintothreetypes:

And-groupcoordinatorsadditionOr-groupcoordinatorsalternationBut-groupcoordinatorscontrast/transfer,And-groupcoordinators,Observethefollowingexamplesinvolvingsemanticextensionviacoordinators:

and,bothand,notonly（but）also,notnor,neithernor.Asisreported,atradeagreementwassigned,andaculturalexchangewasarranged.MrsCoxisbothkindandgentletoherpupils.Henotonlywantedthediamondbutwanteditdesperately.JanewillnevercompromisewithBill,norwillBillcompromisewithJane.Hehasneitherphonednorwrittenusrecently.,And-groupcoordinators,But:

Heisniceandgentle.Illgoandbringbackyourboots.Youmusttryandpersuadehertocome.Canyoutouchpitchandnotbedefiled?

nicely/very,goto,tryto,withoutbeingdefiled,And-groupcoordinators,Notethatbesides“addition”,coordinatorandalsocarriessomeothersenses,e.g.HeisJackofalltradesandmasterofnone.Hetookacigaretteandhandedittoastranger.Turnleftatthefirstcrossingandyoullseetheschool.MarylikesmusicandJimisfondofsports.Heisabitbarbaric,andIdontlikethis.,transfer,temporalsequence,condition&result,contrast,Attitudinaldisjunct,Or-groupcoordinators,Thisgroupincludesorandeitheror,denoting“alternation”.Butitisworthnotingthattheycanalsodenotenegativeconditione.g.Makeupyourmind,oryouwillmissthechance.Youlleitherbehaveyourself,oryoullnevergoouttoplay.,*BothJanewantedtogotothesouth,andherhusbandwantedtogothere,too.*Hebothlikemusicandsports.*Henotonlylikesmusicbutalsosports.*Hebothlikesmusicandhelikessports.*Henotonlylikesmusicbuthealsolikesports.,Observetheunacceptablesentencesbelow,transformthemintogrammaticalforms:

But-groupcoordinators,Thisgroupincludesbut,notbut,while,whereas,yet,only,etc.denoting“contrastoraturninmeaning,e.g.Thiscoatisnotminebutyours.Itneverrainsbutitpours.Sheisafunnygirl,yetyoucanthelplikingher.IoftendreamofbuyingabighouseinGuangzhou,onlyIcannotaffordit.,Subordination,Agrammaticalunitthatfunctionsasaconstituentofanotherunitofequalorlowerrankofstructureiscalledasubordinateconstruction.Subordinateconstructioncanbeafiniteclause,anon-finiteclause,averblessclauseoraphrase.Subordinateclausesaregenerallyintroducedbysubordinators,whichintermsofwordformation,canbeclassifiedinto（P346-347）:

simplesubordinators（e.g.when,before,thoughetc.）complexsubordinators（e.g.nowthat,suchthatetc.）correlativesubordinators（e.g.nosoonerthan,etc.）marginalsubordinators（e.g.onthegroundsthat）,Therainstopped,andthesuncameout.Whentherainstopped,thesuncameout.Coordinationandsubordinationaretwodevicesforcombiningandrelatingideas.Generallyspeaking,coordinationestablishesarelationshipbetweenideasofapproximatelyequalimportance,whilesubordinationestablishesakindofrelationshipwhichindicatesthatoneideaismoreimportantthantheother.,Observethepairofsentencesbelow:

Itisageneralpracticetoputthemainideainthematrixclauseandtheminorideainadependentclause.Subordinateideascanbeexpressedthroughfiniteornonfiniteclausesorbyaverblessclause,e.g.Astheywerecuriousabouttheirnewneighbors,theJohnsonswentandvisitedthematthefirstopportunity.Beingcuriousabouttheirnewneighbors,theJohnsonsCuriousabouttheirnewneighbors,theJohnsonsWithcuriosity,theJohnsons,Waysofsubordinatingminorideas,Syntactically,subordinateclausescanbesubdividedintothreetypes:

nominalclauseperformthefunctionsofnouns,introducedbythatorwh-wordsuchas:

who,what,which,whether,where,when,how,why,etc.relativeclauseperformthefunctionofadjectives,introducedbyrelativepronounsandrelativeadverb（wewillreturntothisinnextlecture）adverbialclauseperformthefunctionofadverbs,denotingtime,place,manner,cause,result,purpose,conditionandconcession,etc.,Subordinateclauses（finite）,Youmustgiveitbacktowhoeveritbelongsto.Myfirstquestion,whyhewaslate,hasnotyetbeenanswered.Thequestioniswhetherheeverwenttherealone.Icantimaginewhatmadehimsopopularamongtheyoungsters.Itisquiteclearthatthecrimewasdonedeliberately.Whatcausedthefireisstillamystery.,Tellthesyntacticfunctionsofthenominalclauses:

objectofprep.,apposition,Splement,object,subject,subject,When/Wheneverhegoestotown,healwaysvisitshisaunt.Shefeltillwhen/wheneversheateoyster（牡蛎）.HecookedwhileIreadthepaper.HewascookingwhileIwasreadingthepaper.Heworkedaslongasweplayed.,Observetheadverbialclausesoftime,payattentiontotheirtemporalfeatures:

sametime,habitual,=if/everytime,Bothactionsaredurative,happenatthesameperiodoftime,emphasizingequallengthoftime,Thedogbarkedwhenitheardanoise.Theinstanthesawher,herecognizedher.Letmeknowassoonasyouarrive.HardlyhadIlefttheroomwhentheybegantoquarrel.NosoonerhadIlefttheroomthanitcollapsed.,Observetheadverbialclausesoftime,payattentiontotheirtemporalfeatures:

Twosimultaneousshortaction,IbrokeaglasswhileIwascookingthedinner.IwascookingthedinnerwhenIbrokeaglass.=,andatthattimeIbrokeaglassImetMarryasIwasgoinghome.IwasgoinghomewhenImetMarry.=,andatthattimeImetMarry,Observetheadverbialclausesoftime,whichactionlastedlonger?

Oneactionhappensintheprocessofanother.,Oneactionhappensintheprocessofanother.,Afterhepaintedthewindows,hepaintedthedoors.Whenhehadpaintedthewindows,hepaintedthedoors.Hedidntpaintthedoorsuntilafterhehadpaintedthewindows.WhenIreachedthestation,thetrainhadleft.ThetrainhadleftbeforeIreachedthestation.Ireachedstationafterthetrainhadleft.,Observetheadverbialclausesoftime,whichactiontakesplaceearlierorlater?

Wehurriedbecause/foritwasgettingdark.Itmustbeverylatebecause/forthestreetsarequitedeserted.Indenotingdirectreason,becauseandforareinterchangeable,butincurrentspeechbecauseispreferabletoforwhichiscommonlyusedinformalstyleandsoundsmoreorlessbookish.,Observetheadverbialclausesofcause:

Abecause-clausecanappeareitherbeforeorafterthemainclause,whereasafor-clausecanonlyfollowratherthanprecedethemainclause.Abecause-clausecanstandaloneasaresponsetoawhy-question,whileafor-clausecannot.Becausecanbenegatedbynotorbemodifiedbyanadverb.Italsoadmitscoordinationlike“notbecausebutbecause”,whileforcannotbeusedinthisway.Abecause-clausecanfunctionasthefocalelementofacleftsentence,wherefor-clausecannot.,Thedifferencesbetweenbecause&for:

Forexample:

Johnfailedtheexam,because/forhedidnotstudyhard.Because/*Forhedidnotstudyhard,Johnfailedtheexam.Itisbecause/*forhedidnotstudyhardthatJohnfailedtheexam.WhydidJohnfailedtheexam?

Because/*Forhedidnotstudyhard.,Thedifferencesbetweenbecause&for:

Note:

forcanalsobeacoordinator,introducinganindependentclauseofcause,whereasbecauseisalwaysasubordinator,onlyintroducingadependentclausewhichcannotstandaloneunlessitisusedtoanswerawhy-question,e.g.WhenIsawherintheriver,Iwasfrightened.For/*Becauseatthatpointthecurrentsweredangerous.,Thedifferencesbetweenbecause&for:

Amongbecause,sinceandas,becauseisthestrongestintone;sinceranksnext,andasnexttosince.Whenusedtodenotecause,becausesuppliesnewinformation.Therefore,abecause-clausecanbeusedasananswertowhy-questionandasthefocalelementofacleftsentence.Sinceandasexpresstheinformationalreadyknowntothelistener.,because,since,as,Idislikethoseluxurioushotels,notbecauseIcannotaffordtheexpenses,butbecauseIdontthinkitdeservesthepricetheyask.SinceChinahasapopulationashugeas1.3billion,averysmallprobleminChina,ifmultipliedby1.3billion,willturnouttobeextremelyserious.Inordertopreventthepollutionfromreachingthepointofnoreturn,letstakeactionsfromourselvestoprotectourmotherearth,aswehaveonlyoneearth.,Examples:

Nowthat/Seeingthat/Since/Asweareallhere,themeetingcanbegin.*Nowthat/Seeingthat/Since/AsIwasinthesameclassasGeorge,Iknowhimwell.Thismachinediffersfromthatotherone