分析《野性的呼唤》中巴克回归自然的原因---毕业论文.docx

分析《野性的呼唤》中巴克回归自然的原因---毕业论文.docx

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【标题】分析《野性的呼唤》中巴克回归自然的原因

【作者】文程娟

【关键词】回归；原因；冷酷；追求与向往

【指导老师】吴学容

【专业】英语

【正文】

I. Introduction

TheCalloftheWild,writtenbyJackLondon,wasaveryfamousworkinliteraturefield.Americanwriter,JackLondon,wasverygoodatdescribingthingsandsocietyintheshoesofanimals,thatis,inpersonification.Sodoesthiswork.Inthisnovel,thestoryhappenedintheprocessofgoldrushwherepeopleneedbenefitthemselvesonthebasisofother'slossorsufferings.Dogprotagonist,Buck,waslivinginthiscircumstance.Heexperiencedboththewarmthandthecoldnessofhumansociety.JackLondonusedthestyleofpersonificationtodescribethenatureofhumanandtheworldindog'seyewhichcanfullrevealthecoldnessandcrueltyoftheCapitalistSociety.Therearemanyreasons,bothinsubjectiveandobjectivethatledthereturnofBucktothewild.Manyscholarsindomestichavemadesomestudiesofthisworkwhichweremeaningful.Itnotonlycanhelpuslearnsomesocietyandliteraryknowledgebutalsounderstandthisclassicworkclearlyanddeeply.

Buck'sreturntothewildwasnotcausedbyonereasonbutmany.ThesubjectiveoneswerethecharacteristicsofBuckhimselfwhichwerehiddeninhumanwarmthandrevealedinthestrugglestosurvive.ThemainobjectivereasonwasthefactofStruggleforExistencethatnoonecanescape,andotherreasonsincludedthecoldnessandcrueltyofhumansocietyandthecallofthewild.Buck'slifeinthiscruelandcoldcircumstancedecidedthathisreturntothewildwasnotoccasionalbutinevitable.However,theauthor,JackLondon,alsomadesomedramaeffects.TheexperiencesofBuckinhumansocietywerenottheonlypurposeforJackLondontowritethisstory,buttocriticizethedarknessoftheCapitalistSocietyandreflecthiswish,thatis,thedesireoffreedomanddream.

Therewillbefivemainreasonsanalyzedinthisessay,includingthecharacteristicsofBuck;thebrutalprincipleofStruggleforExistence;people'behaviorsintheprocessofgoldrush;thecallofthewildandthedramaeffectmadebyJackLondon.

II. LiteratureReview

A. TheBackgroundoftheauthor——JackLondon

JackLondonwasafamousandproductiveAmericanrealisticwriterwholivedin20thcenturywithrichbuthardexperiencesinallhislife.Hecamefromlowerclasswithasufferingchildhoodandhadabetterunderstandingofthelifeofpoorpeople.Becauseofhispoorbirthandbackground,JackLondontriedmanywaystogetridofthepoorsituation.Suchas,wentoutsidetodopart-timejob;tobesailorandjoinedthetroopofgoldrush.

Unfortunately,thesetriesdidn'tchangethesufferingsituation.Buthedidn'tlosetheinterestinreading.Bookscompaniedhimduringallhishardlife.Thosehardexperiencesenrichedhisknowledgewhichmadecontributiontohislaterwritingwork.HebeganhiswritingcareerafterhisfailureofgoldrushinAlaska.Hisworkswerefullofstrengthandstrongrevealing.Thework,theCalloftheWild,wasoneofhismostfamousanimalnovels,inwhichthegoldrushlifefilledwithdangersandstrugglesofdogsinthisspecialcircumstanceweredeeplydescribed.

JackLondonleftmorethan50piecesofworksinhis16years'writingcareer.Afterbeingwell-known,heindulgedinthepleasureofmaterials.Atlast,hecommittedsuicidebecauseoftheemptinessanddisappointmentinhismentalworld.

B. TheStoryoftheCalloftheWild

Thestorymainlytalkedabouttheprocessofdogprotagonist,Buck'sreturnfromhumancivilizationtoprimitivewildlivingwiththewolves.Buckwasaverystrongwolfdogwith140poundsinweight.HecouldhavelivedacomfortablelifeinaJudge'splace.Unluckily,hewasstolentosellbyJudge?

sgardener.HewasfirstsoldtothePostOfficethentwoFrenchCanadian.Thesedogswerenotonlyabusedbybrutalhuman,butalsohadtofightandkillwitheachotherforsurvival.Becauseofthepowerfulnessbothinphysicalandmind,Buckwontheformerleadertobethenewleaderinthesleddingteamafteraseriousfight.Buckhadbeensoldseveraltimesinhislifewithhuman.FinallyhewasadoptedbyJohnThorntonjustwhenhewasbeatennearlytodeath.BuckrecoveredquicklyunderthecarefultreatmentofJohnThorntonandtheymadefriendswitheachother.Buckwasextremelyfaithfultohisnewmaster.HehadeversavedJohnThorntontwicefromdangers.Unfortunately,JohnThorntonwaskilledintheprocessofgoldrush.BuckwasveryangryandbitseveralIndianstodeathtotakehismaster'srevenge.Hehadnoaffectionforhumansocietyanymoreafterthedeathofhismaster.Meanwhile,therewasalwaysacallinforestattractinghim.Finally,heobeyedthecallandreturnedtothewildlivingwithwolves.However,hedidn'tforgetJohnThorntonbutmournforhismasterregularly.

III. TheSubjectiveReasonofBuck'sReturn一theCharacteristicsofBuckBuckhadthecharacteristicsofwolfallthetime.Hiswildnaturewasonlyhiddeninhuman'ssocietybutnotdisappeared.Whenhelivedinthesleddingteamandsuffereddisastrousexperience,it'snodoubtthathiswildnaturewillberevivedoneday,andleadhisreturntothewildatlast.

Buck'sbirthmadehimhasthecharacteristicsofwolves.Buckwasahalf-breedwhosefatherwasahugeSt.BernarddogandmotheraScotchshepherddog.Therefore,HegrewupwithastrongbodyofSt.Bernarddogandcunningofshepherddog.Helearnedtofightwithcut;slashandquickwolfsnapeasilywhenhewenthuntingwithhismasterinhisearlierlife,forthiswasalsothemannersofhisancestors.Whenchasingasnowshoerabbit,hewantedtorunthewildthingdownandkilleditwithhisteethandfeltasenseofjoytokill.Buck'sinstinctsofwolfhadneverdisappearedbutbeenhiddenbycomfortablelifeinhumansociety.Thesleddinglifemadehisoldinstinctsrevivedgradually.Hewascleverandcunning.ThefightwithSpitz,theleaderdogoftheteam,wasevidence.WhenhethoughtthetimewasnotadvantageousforhimtobeatSpitzdown,heavoidedconflictingwithSpitzdirectlybutthoughtofmanywaysagainstSpitz,suchasinterferencebetweenSpitzandculpritsintheabsenceofhismaster;rebellioninsecret.AfterthedeathofSpitz,hethoughthewouldbetheleaderdog.Whenhismasterdidn'tdowhathethoughtof,herefusedtosledintheconditionthathemustbeintheleaderposition.Hismasterhadnomethodbutobeyedhim.Meanwhile,headaptedtheenvironmentquickly.Forexample,afterexperiencingthesorrowofbeingbeatenbyclub,herealizedthatthestruggleandrevoltwereinvainwhenmeetingwithclub.Sohewouldbeagooddoginthissituation.Inthelifeofsledding,heevengaveupthefastidioushabitsandatedisgustfoodtomakehimselfstrongafterbeingawareofthetruereality;healsolearnedhowtofindacomfortableplacetosleepandhowtostealfoodwithoutbeingsuspectedandcaught.Infact,allhisnaturewaskeptinhismindeventhoughhelivedwithhuman.Thelifeandexperiencesinthesleddingteamjustcreatedaconditionforhisnature'srevival.

ThecallinBuck'sinnerworldwasanotherfactorofhiswildrevivalandreturn.AlthoughhelovedJohnThorntondeeply,theprimitiveinstinctsstillremainedaliveandactive.Hewasfaithfulanddevoted,buthestillretainedhiswildnessandwilinessforhewasathingofthewild.HewouldnotstealJohnThornton'sthingsbutotherswithoutbeingsuspected.ThebestthingBucklovedtodowastoliebesidethefire.However,hewouldnotthinkofthecomfortablelifeinJudge?

splaceforitwasfarawayfromhimandhadnoinfluenceonhimanymore.Themostpowerfulthingwasthememoriesofhishereditythatcouldgivethingshehadneverseenbeforeaseemingfamiliaritywhichinfactwerethememoriesofhisancestors.Andthesememorieswererevivedinhisbodyinlaterdays.Actually,hekeptthenatureinmindanddesiredreturningtowild.ButitwasjusttheloveforJohnThorntonthatkepthiminhumansociety.

Sometimeshedidthingswithoutrealization.Everytimeheheardtheyelpsinforest,hecouldn'thelpturninghisbackuponthefireandthebeateneartharounditandplungingintotheforestandranandran.Hedidn'tknowwhereorwhy;nordidhewonderwhereorwhy.Whenhechasedasnowshoerabbit,heonlywantedtokillitwithhissharpteeth,buthestilldidn'tknowwhyhewantedtodoitlikethis.Buckalsohadapatienceofthewild,whichwasexpressedwhenhehuntedlivingfood.Buckshowedthispatiencewhenheclungtotheflankoftheherd.Hedidn'tkillthetargetoneatoncebutshadowthegroupandseparateditfromtheirgroupforhispowerwasnotenoughagainstagroup.Atlasthepulledthegreatmoosedownafterfourdays'shadowandateitinaprimitivewayfullofwildjoy.Hedidthisinthewaysofwolvesandenjoyedthevictory.AllofthesehappenedfromBuck'sinstinctsevenhehimselfdidn'trealizeit.

IV. TheObjectiveReasonsofBuck'sReturntotheWild

ExceptforthesubjectivereasonofBuck'sreturntothewildwhichwascausedbyBuck'scharacteristics,therearealsoobjectivereasons,includingthebrutalprincipleofStruggleforExistence;thecoldnessofpeople'sbehaviorsintheprocessofgoldrush;thecallofthewildandthedramaeffect.AllofthemarehelpfultotherevivalofBuck'swildnature.TheyareveryimportantleadingthereturnofBucktothewild.

A.TheBrutalPrincipleofStruggleforExistence

Naturalprinciplesweredisciplinesthatnobodycanviolate.Whenfacingthem,peoplecandonothingbutobeythemanddothingsregularly.Theevolutionoflivingcreatureswasalsotheproductofnaturalprinciples.

1. TheIntroductionofDarwin'sTheoryofStruggleforExistencean