Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System.docx

Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System.docx

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CardiovascularandLymphaticSystem

Chapter7

CardiovascularandLymphaticSystem

Objectives

I.TheCardiovascularSystem:

TheHeart

Aftercompletingthischapter,youshouldbeableto:

listtheorgansthatcomposethecardiovascularsystem;describethelocation,size,andorientationofthehumanheart;describethestructureoftheheartintermsofitscoverings,layers,chambers,valves,andbloodvessels;giveanothernamefor epicardium;describethestructureofthe interventricular septum;namethefunctionofheartvalves;distinguishbetweenAVandSLvalvesintermsoflocation,structure,andwhentheyclose;define/describetheterms chordae tendineae,papillarymuscle,and trabeculae carneae;name（andlocate）theveinsthatdeposittheirbloodintotheatriaoftheheart（whichatria?

  deox-oroxygenated?

）. name （andlocate）thearteriesthattakebloodawayfromtheheart（fromwhichventricle?

 deox-oroxygenatedblood?

）;distinguishbetweenpulmonary,coronaryandsystemiccirculation;trackadropofbloodthroughthefollowingcirculations:

a.heart/lungs/heart; b.through myocardium;c.tothebody（ingeneral）. explain thesignificanceofeachcomponentofthecardiacconductionsystemandtracehowthecardiacimpulsetravelsthroughthemyocardium;namethecommontermforthe sinoatrial （SA）node.

II.TheCardiovascularSystem:

BloodVessels

Aftercompletingthischapter,youshouldbeableto:

compareandcontrastthe3typesofbloodvesselsintermsofthefollowing:

a.directionofblood-flow（intermsoftheheart）,b.wallstructure（#oflayersandcomponentsofthoselayers）,c.gasconcentrationsand d.pressure;definetheterm anastomoses;discussthemajoreventthatoccursatcapillaries;distinguishbetweenthepulmonaryandsystemiccircuits（circulatoryroutes）;trackadropofbloodthroughthefollowing:

a.fromtherightfingerstotheleftear;b.fromthestomachtotheleftfingers;c.fromtherighttoetotheleftkidney;d.fromtherightkidneytotherightsideofthebrain.namethebranchesoftheascendingaorta,aorticarch,thoracicaorta,andabdominalaorta,anddenotewhatbodyregiontheysupplywithblood;explainwhathappenstotheaortaatthebrimofthepelvis;althoughthevenouscircuitisessentiallyparalleltothearterialcircuit,listthedifferencesbetweenthetwo;namethelongestveininthebodyandthe venipuncture site.

III.TheLymphaticSystem

Aftercompletingthischapter,youshouldbeableto:

nametheorgansthatcomposethelymphaticsystemandgivethreegeneralfunctionsperformedbythissystem;tracetheflowoflymphfrominterstitialtissuestothebloodstream;namefourtissuesthatdonotcontainlymphaticcapillaries;givethespecialnameforlymphaticcapillarieswithinthewallofthesmallintestine;distinguishbetweenanafferentandefferentlymphaticvessel;explainhowlymphaticvesselsaresimilartoveins;listthesixprimarybodyregionsdrainedbylymphatictrunks;namethetwolymphaticcollectingductsandindicatetheportionofthebodythatisdrainedbyeach;nametheveinthateachofthetwocollectingductsdeposittheirlymph;discussthestructure,location,andmajorfunctionoflymphnodes;discussthestructure,location,andmajorfunctionofthespleen;discussthestructure,location,andmajorfunctionofthethymus.

KeyWordsandTopics

I.TheCardiovascularSystem:

TheHeart

Makecertainthatyoucandefine,anduseincontext,eachofthetermslistedbelow,andthatyouunderstandthesignificanceofeachoftheconcepts.

Location:

 mediastinum,apex,base,anteriorsurface,inferiorsurface,rightandleftborders. 

Pericardium:

 fibrouspericardium, serouspericardium （parietallayer,viscerallayeror epicardium）,pericardialfluid,pericardialcavity.

Layersoftheheartwall （epicardium,myocardium, endocardium）.

Chambersoftheheart:

 atria

（2）,ventricles

（2）,auricle, sulcus （pluralis sulci）.

Rightatrium:

 interatrial septum, fossa ovalis,tricuspidvalve（orright atrioventricular valve）. 

Rightventricle:

 chordae tendineae,papillarymuscles, interventricular septum,pulmonaryvalve. 

Leftatrium:

 bicuspidvalveor mitral valve（orleft atrioventricular valve）. 

Leftventricle:

 aorticvalve. 

Myocardialthicknessandfunction

Fibrousskeletonoftheheart

Circulationofblood:

 systemiccirculation,pulmonarycirculation,coronarycirculationorcardiaccirculation（coronaryarteries,coronaryveins,coronarysinus）.

Cardiacmuscletissueandthecardiacconductionsystem

    Conductionsystem:

 sinoatrial （SA）node,pacemakerpotential, atrioventricular （AV）node, atrioventricular （AV）bundleorbundleofHis,leftandrightbundlebranches,Purkinje fibres. 

II.TheCardiovascularSystem:

BloodVessels

Makecertainthatyoucandefine,anduseincontext,eachofthetermslistedbelow,andthatyouunderstandthesignificanceofeachoftheconcepts.

Structureofbloodvessels:

A.arteries:

 lumen,tunica interna （intima）,tunicamedia,tunica externa,vasoconstriction

Vasodilation,elasticarteries,musculararteries. 

B.capillaries:

 microcirculation, metarteriole,capillarybed,fenestratedcapillary,sinusoid,portalsystem.

C.veins:

 valves,vascularsinusorvenoussinus.

D. anastomoses:

 collateralcirculation. 

Circulatoryroutes:

A.systemiccirculation

B.hepaticportalcirculation

C.pulmonarycirculation

III.TheLymphaticSystem

Makecertainthatyoucandefine,anduseincontext,eachofthetermslistedbelow,andthatyouunderstandthesignificanceofeachoftheconcepts.

Lymphaticsystem

A.lymph

B.lymphatictissue

C.functionsofthelymphaticsystem

D.lymphaticvesselsandlymphcirculation:

a.lymphaticcapillaries:

 lactealsand chyle

b.lymphaticvessels:

i.lymph trunksandducts:

 thoracicductorleftlymphaticduct（cisterna chili,left subclavian vein）.

ii. right lymphaticduct（right subclavian vein）

E.formationandflowoflymph:

 skeletalmusclepump,respiratorypump. 

Lymphaticorgansandtissues

A.primarylymphaticorgans

B.secondarylymphaticorgansandtissues

C.thymus

D.lymphnodes:

 afferentlymphaticvessels,sinuses,efferentlymphaticvessels, hilum.

E. spleen.

F.tonsils:

 pharyngealtonsiloradenoid,palatinetonsils,lingualtonsils.

Essentials

PartOne

I. INTRODUCTION

Themajorfunctionofthecardiovascularsystemsistocirculatesubstancesthroughoutthebody.Inotherwords,itsorgansfunctiontosupplycells&tissueswithoxygen&nutrientsandalsotoremovewastes（CO2 &urea）fromcellsandtissues.

IfcellsdonotreceiveO2 &nutrients and wastesaccumulate,cellswilldie!

Rememberthisisthecardiovascular system,whichiscomposedoftheheartandbloodvessels.Blood,aconnectivetissueiscirculatedthroughtheseorgans.

II. LOCATION/SIZEOFHEART:

A.        Location=within mediastinum.

B.        Size=closedfist; 300g （adult）.

C.        Base=widesuperiorborder;

D.        Apex=inferiorpoint.

III. HEARTSTRUCTURE

A.        CoveringsofHeart =Threemembranes:

1.    SerousPericardium

a. visceral  pericardium=innermostdelicateepithelium+CTcoveringsurroundingtheheartmuscle;

b. parietal pericardium=innerliningoffibrouspericardium;

*Recallthe pericardialcavity between a& b,filledwith serousfluidforlubrication.

2.    FibrousPericardium =outermosttough,fibrousprotectiveCTlayerthatpreventsoverstretchingoftheheart.

B.        The HeartWall iscomposedof3layers:

1. epicardium = visceralpericardium;

2. myocardium =cardiacmuscletissue（recallcharacteristics）;bulkofheart;

3. endocardium =   smoothinnerliningofheartchambersandvalves.

C.        ChambersoftheHeart

1.Theupperchambersarecalled atria （plural）.

a.Rightandleftatriumareseparatedbythe interatrial septum;

b.Atriareceivebloodfromveins（PASSIVE）;

c.arethinwalledchambers.

*Notethattheatriaarecoveredbyear-likeflapscalled auricles

*Notethelocationofthe fossa ovalis whichisremnantofthefetalforamen ovale （inlab）.

2.Thelowerchambersarecalled ventricles.

a.Rightandleftventricleareseparatedbythe interventricular septum;

b.Ventriclespumpbloodfromtheheartintoarteries（ACTIVE）;

c.arethickwalledchambers.

*Notethe trabeculae carneae, whichistheirregularinnersurface（ridgesandfolds）oftheventricles.

D.     MajorBloodVessels associatedwiththeHeart

1. Arteriescarrybloodawayfromtheheart.

a.carrybloodthatis highinO2 &lowinCO2,exceptpulmonaryarteriesthatarelowinO2 &highinCO2;

b. Aorta carriesbloodfromtheleftventricletothebody;

c. Pulmonaryarteries carrybloodfromtherightventricletothelungs（viathe pulmonarytrunk）. 

d. Coronaryarteries carrybloodtothemyocardium.

2. Veinscarrybloodtowardtheheart.

a.carrybloodthatis highinCO2 &lowinO2,exceptthepulmonaryveinsthatare

high O2 &lowCO2.

b. Superiorvenacava bringsbloodfromtheheadandupperlimbs;

c. Inferiorvenacava bringsbloodfromthetrunkandlowerlimbs;

d. Coronarysinus （posteriorsurface）bringsbloodfromthemyocardium;

∙ Alloftheabove（b,c,d）deposittheirbloodintothe rightatrium!

e. Pulmonaryveins bringbloodfromthelungstotheleftatrium:

∙     2fromrightlung;

∙     2fromleftlung.

3.Otherfeatures:

a.Notethepresenceofthe ligamentum arteriosum, whichisaremnantofthefetal ductus arteriosus. 

E.      ValvesofHeart

Generalfunction:

 preventbackflow ofblood.

1. Atrioventricular valves （AVvalves）

a.The tricuspid valveliesbetweenthe right atriumandventricle;

b.The bicuspid valveliesbetweenthe left atriumandventricle（Mitral Valve）;

c.StructuresassociatedwithACvalves:

∙ Chordae Tendineae =tendon-like,fibrouscordsthatconnectthecu