高中英语语法知识点构词法.docx
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高中英语语法知识点构词法
考点08构词法
高考频度:
★★★★★
构词法一 派生法
1.形容词变副词的后缀
在形容词后加-ly可变成相应意义的副词
直接加-ly
extreme→extremely尤其,非常
stupid→stupidly傻地
改y为-ily
happy→happily快乐地
merry→merrily快乐地
去e加-ly
true真的→truly真地
2.形容词变名词的后缀
后缀
例词
-age
short→shortage不足;短缺
-cy
efficient→efficiency效率;功效
accurate→accuracy准确性
-dom
free→freedom自由;自主
wise→wisdom明智;智慧
-ence
different→difference差异
silent→silence沉默
-ness
weak→weakness虚弱;弱点
careless→carelessness粗心大意
-th
strong→strength力气;强项
wide→width宽
-y
-ty
-ity
disable→disability无能;残疾
responsible→responsibility责任
3.动词变名词的后缀
后缀
例词
-al
approve→approval赞成;批准
arrive→arrival到来
-ance
appear→appearance出现;外貌
perform→performance表演;节目
-ence
exist→existence存在;生存
refer→reference参考;查阅
-ion
construct→construction建设
evaluate→evaluation评估
-ation
consider→consideration考虑
imagine→imagination想象力
-(s)sion
discuss→discussion讨论;辩论
admit→admission接纳;准许入学
-ing
hear→hearing听力;听觉begin→beginning开始
-ment
argue→argument辩论;论据
equip→equipment设备
-ure
fail→failure失败;没做到
press→pressure压力
-ture
mix→mixture混合;混合物
depart→departure离开;出发
-y
recover→recovery恢复;痊愈
discover→discovery发现
其他
vary→variety多样化;种类
tend→tendency趋向;趋势
4.表示"人"的后缀
在某些形容词、名词或动词后面加后缀变成具有某种职业或动作的人。
常见的表示"人"的后缀有:
后缀
例词
-er
village→villager村民
strange→stranger陌生人
-ar
lie→liar说谎者
-ee
employ→employee受雇者;雇员
interview→interviewee被面试者
-or
invent→inventor发明家
educate→educator教育家;教师
-ess
steward→stewardess女乘务员
host→hostess女主人;女主持人
-ese
China→Chinese中国人
Japan→Japanese日本人
-an
America→American美国人
Australia→Australian澳洲人
-ian
history→historian历史学家
politics→politician政治家;政客
-ist
special→specialist专家
tour→tourist旅行者;观光者
-ant
participate→participant参加者
assist→assistant助手;图书管理员
5.动词、名词变形容词的常见后缀
后缀
例词
-able
accept→acceptable可接受的
comfort→comfortable舒适的
-al
person→personal个人的;私人的
nature→natural自然的;天生的
-ful
hope→hopeful有希望的
peace→peaceful和平的
-ed
confuse→confused感到困惑的
bore→bored感到厌倦的
-ing
surprise→surprising令人惊讶的
convince→convincing令人信服的
-ible
access→accessible容易到达的;容易取得的
horror→horrible可怕的;恐怖的
-ive
effect→effective有效的;生效的
instruct→instructive有教育意义的
-ous
anxiety→anxious忧虑的
curiosity→curious好奇的
-some
tire→tiresome令人厌倦的
trouble→troublesome麻烦的
-y
taste→tasty美味的;可口的
wealth→wealthy富裕的;丰富的
dirt→dirty有灰尘的;脏的
-ern
east→eastern东方的;向东的
west→western西方的;向西的
-ish
fool→foolish愚蠢的;可笑的
self→selfish自私的
-ic
science→scientific科学的
history→historic历史上著名的
-ary
imagine→imaginary想象中的
6.表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀
前缀
例词
dis-
advantage→disadvantage缺点
comfort→discomfort不舒适
il-
legal→illegal不合法的
logical→illogical不合逻辑的
im-
patient→impatient不耐烦的
moral→immoral不道德的
in-
formal→informal非正式的
convenient→inconvenient不方便的
ir-
regular→irregular不规则的
responsible→irresponsible不负责任的
mis-
lead→mislead误导
understand→misunderstand误解
un-
willing→unwilling不愿意的
happy→unhappy不高兴的
后缀
例词
-less
hope→hopeless绝望的
care→careless粗心的
7.变动词的前缀和后缀
前缀
例词
en-
large→enlarge扩大
rich→enrich使充实;使丰富
后缀
例词
-en
broad→broaden使变宽
hard→harden使变硬
-ify
class→classify把……分类
beauty→beautify美化
-ize
apology→apologize道歉
emphasis→emphasize强调
构词法二 转化法
不改变词形,把一个词由一种词类转用为另一种词类的方法叫转化法。
动词→名词
walk→takeawalk散步
swim→haveaswim游泳
名词→动词
bookn.→v.预订
milkn.→v.挤奶
形容词→动词
slowadj.→v.减慢
narrowadj.→v.使变窄;(差距等)缩小
形容词↔副词
hardadj.困难的↔adv.努力地
highadj.高的↔adv.高
deepadj.深的↔adv.深
wideadj.宽的↔adv.广阔地
构词法三合成法
英语构词法中把两个单词连在一起合成一个新词,前一个词修饰或限定后一个词,这样的方法就是合成法。
1.合成名词
构成方式
例词
名词+名词
weekend周末
名词+动词
daybreak黎明
名词+动名词
handwriting书法
名词+及物动词+er/or
pain-killer止痛药
名词+介词+名词
sister-in-law嫂子
代词+名词
she-wolf母狼,he-goat
动词+名词
typewriter打字机
动名词+名词
reading-room阅览室
现在分词+名词
flying-fish飞鱼
形容词+名词
freshman大一新生
副词+动词
outlook景色,风光
介词+名词
afterbrain后脑
2.合成形容词
构成方式
例词
名词+形容词
bloodred血红的
名词+现在分词
French-speaking讲法语的
名词+to+名词
one-to-one一对一的
名词+过去分词
man-made人造的
数词+名词
one-way单行道的
数词+名词+形容词
three-year-old三岁的
数词+名词+ed
ten-storeyed十层的
动词+副词
one-off一次性的
形容词+名词
high-quality高质量的
形容词+名词+ed
noble-minded高尚的
形容词+形容词
light-green浅绿色的
形容词+现在分词
ordinary-looking相貌一般的
副词+形容词
ever-green常青的
副词+现在分词
hard-working辛勤的
副词+过去分词
well-known著名的
副词+名词
fast-food提供快餐的
介词+名词
indoor室内的
3.合成动词
构成方式
例词
名词+动词
sleep-walk梦游
形容词+动词
white-wash粉刷
副词+动词
overwhelm压倒,制服
4.合成副词
构成方式
例词
形容词+名词
hotfoot匆忙地
形容词+副词
everywhere到处
副词+副词
however尽管如此
介词+名词
beforehand事先
介词+副词
forever永远
5.合成代词
构成方式
例词
代词宾格+self
herself她自己,themselves
物主代词+self
myself我自己
形容词+名词
anything一切
题组一基础过关
Ⅰ.用所给词的适当形式填空
1.Thecustomerthoughtforamoment,butdidn’trespondbecausehedidn’twanttostartan________(argue).
2.Youcan________(large)yourvocabularyifyoukeeponmemorizingsomenewwordseveryday.
3.Somethinkthatstudyingabroadcan________(broad)theirhorizons.
4.Thatlittleactof________(kind)madeeveryonewhosawitfeelgood—butitmademefeelthebestofall!
5.JustimaginehowterriblyshyIwasthemomentIthoughtofthatwithsomanyeyesfixeduponme.Ihadnoother________(choose),though.
6.So________(excite)wasIthatIcouldn’twaittotrymyhandatridingit.
7.Luckily,shewasnotbadly________(injure)andwesenthertothenearesthospital.
8.Aman________(immediate)rushedtothegirltogiveherfirstaidandIjoinedinwithouthesitation.
9.Theymadehisrestaurantaverypopularplace.Today,potatochipsareoneofAmericans’________(favor)foods!
10.Yousee,therewerealwaysagreatnumberoftouristsvisitingtheshops,soIcouldalwaysfindsomeone________(interest)totalkwith.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.Wearegrowingwonderfullytomatoesatnocost!
2.Theteachersherearekindandhelpfully.
3.Interesting,ithadaconnectionbytheBritishporcelain(瓷器)industry.
4.Insomeplacesyoumayborrowasmorebooksasyouneed,butinothersyouarelimitedtoacertainnumberofbooks.
5.Wedecidednottoclimbthemountainsbecauseitwasraininghardly.
6.TheEmperoropenedhiseyeswidelybutstillsawnothing.
7.Iamawfullytiring,butIknowI’llneverfallsleep.
8.Ifoundthetestdifficult,butItriedhardlytodoit.
9.Beforewaitingforabouthalfanhour,Iwasbeginningtogetimpatiently.
10.Iremembermygrandfatherverymuch.
题组二能力提升
Ⅰ.语篇填空
Thespeechseemedtobe__1__(stop)andthelistenersbecamevery__2__(patient).Whenthe__3__(speak)saidthatoilwasnon-renewableandthatthebestwayto__4__(solution)theproblemwasnottomakecarsandbusesbuttoforcepeopletogotoworkorschoolonfoot,theaudiencethoughtitwas__5__(practice)and__6__(bear)tolistentohimanylonger.They__7__(believe)thattheworldwouldgo__8__(smooth)withoutthesemodern__9__(transport).Theyalsothoughtthatthespeakerwas__10__(responsible)tomakesucha__11__(state)withoutthinkingit__12__(careful)andhisspeechwouldcausesome__13__(understand).Somostofthe__14__(listen)chosetoleave,shoutingloudlyand__15__(angry).
Ⅱ.语法填空
There’sasciencetosettinggoals.Below,wesharesomeresearch-backedtipstohelpyoucarryoutsuccessfulgoals.
Chooseagoalthatmatters,notjusteasywin.
Ameaningfulgoal—__1__thattrulyinspiresyoutochange—requiresgoingdeeper.Thinkaboutwhatyouwantinthecomingyear,thenaskyourself__2__youwantthat.Forexample,ifyouwalktoquit__3__(smoke),askwhydoyouwanttoquit?
Then,ifyouwanttoquitforyourhealthaskwhydoyouwantgoodhealth?
Then,ifyouransweristobealivelongenough__4__(meet)yourgrandchildren,askwhydoyouwanttomeetyourgrandchildren?
Setupyourgoalspositively.
Howyoudescribeyourgoalmakes__5__bigdifference.Focusingon__6__youwantto"bringintoyourlife—notwhatyouwanttoavoid—willmakeyoumorelikelyto__7__(actual)pursueit.
Prepareforfailure(inagoodway).
Momentsoffailure__8__(be)unavoidable,butmostofusabandonthegoalentirelywhenslightfailuresandsetbacksstartpilingup.Atthemomentwhenyoufail,oftenthefirstinstinct(本能)istopushthegoalaway.It’sso__9__(comfort)tobeinthatconditionofself-doubtorself-criticismandguilt.
Yourtaskisnottoavoidfailures,__10__toplanforthem.Askyourself,howamIlikelytofail?
Forexample,ifyou’relikelytochooseunhealthymealswhenyou’rehungry,carryalightsnackwithyou.
题组三体验真题
1.(2017·新课标
卷改编)Tryingtohelpinjured,displacedorsickcreaturescanbe_________(heartbreak).
2.(2017·新课标
卷改编)Thehomeownerwasvery_________(help).Awirebasketwasfound.Iputsomepinebranchesintothebaskettomakethisnestsafeand_________(comfort).Iplacedthechickinthenest,andit_________(quick)calmeddown.
3.(2017·新课标
卷改编)IfanyonehadtoldmethreeyearsagothatIwouldbespendingmostofmyweekendscamping,Iwouldhavelaughed_________(heart).
4.(2017·新课标
卷改编)Whilehighschooldoesnot_________(general)encouragestudentstoexplorenewaspectsoflife,collegesetsthestageforthat_________(explore).
5.(2017·新课标
卷改编)The_________(friend)thatgrewoutoftheexperienceofmakingthatfilmandTheStingfouryearslaterhaditsrootinthefactthatalthoughtherewasanage_________(differ),webothcamefromatraditionoftheaterandliveTV.
题组一基础过关
Ⅰ.用所给词的适当形式填空
1.argument 2.enlarge 3.broaden 4.kindness5.choice
6.excited 7.injured 8.immediately 9.favorite 10.interesting
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.wonderfully→wonderful 2.helpfully→helpful3.Interesting→Interestingly 4.more→many
5.hardly→hard 6.widely→wide 7.tiring→tired 8.hardly→hard
9.impatiently→impatient 10.much→well/clearly
题组二能力提升
Ⅰ.语篇填空
1.nonstop2.impatient3.speaker 4.solve 5.impractical
6.unbearable 7.disbelieved 8.smoothly 9.transportations 10.irresponsible
11.statement12.carefully 13.misunderstandings 14.listeners15.angrily
Ⅱ.语法填空
6.what 宾语从句,从句中bring缺少宾语,故用what。
7.actually 修饰动词用副词。
8.are 主语是Mome