计算机概念.docx

计算机概念.docx

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计算机概念

Chapter1

Digitalelectronicsuseelectroniccircuitstorepresentdata

ComputerBasics

 Input iswhateveristyped,submitted,ortransmittedtoacomputersystem

 Output istheresultproducedbyacomputer

 Memoryisanareaofacomputerthattemporarilyholdsdatawaitingtobeprocessed,stored,oroutput

Storageistheareawheredatacanbeleftonapermanentbasiswhenitisnotimmediatelyneededforprocessing

 Datareferstothesymbolsthatrepresentfacts,objects,andideas

 Afileisanamedcollectionofdatathatexistsonastoragemedium

 Theseriesofinstructionsthattellsacomputerhowtocarryoutprocessingtasksisreferredtoasacomputerprogram

  PersonalComputers,Servers,Mainframes,andSupercomputers

Server:

Itcanrefertocomputerhardware,toaspecifictypeofsoftware,ortoacombinationofhardwareandsoftware.Thepurposeofaserveristoservecomputersonanetworkbysupplyingthemwithdata.

MainframeComputer:

Amainframecomputerisalargeandexpensivecomputercapableofsimultaneouslyprocessingdataforhundredsorthousandsofusers.

Supercomputer:

Itisoneofthefastestcomputersintheworld.

 Microcontrollers

Microcontroller:

Amicrocontrollerisaspecial-purposemicroprocessorthatisbuiltintothemachineitcontrols.Sometimescalledacomputer-on-a-chip.

Microprocessor:

Anintegratedcircuit（IC）thatcontainsthecircuitryforprocessingdata.Itisasingle–chipversionofthecentralprocessingunit（CPU）foundinallcomputers.

 Chapter2

DesktopandPortableComputers

Adesktopcomputerfitsonadeskandrunsonpowerfromanelectricalwalloutlet

Aportablecomputerisasmall,lightweightpersonalcomputer

Anotebookcomputer（alsoreferredtoasalaptop）,isasmall,lightweightportablecomputerthatopenslikeaclamshelltorevealascreenandkeyboard

Atabletcomputerisaportablecomputingdevicefeaturingatouch-sensitivescreenthatcanbeusedasawritingordrawingpad

Anultra-mobilePC（UMPC）isasmallformfactortabletcomputerdesignedtorunmostofthesoftwareavailableforlargerportablecomputers

Ahomecomputersystemoffersahardwareplatformwithadequate,butnotsuper-chargedsupportformostcomputerapplications

Computersmarketedforsmallbusinessapplicationstendtobemiddle-of-the-linemodelspareddowntoessentials–personalcomputervs.businesscomputer

AMediaCenterPCofficiallyusesWindowsMedia

CenterEditionoperatingsystem

Someofthemostcutting-edgecomputersaredesignedforgaming

MicroprocessorBasics

Amicroprocessorisanintegratedcircuitdesignedtoprocessinstructions

CentralProcessingUnit（CPU）

–ALU

–Registers

–Controlunit

–Instructionset

RandomAccessMemory

RandomAccessMemoryisatemporaryholdingareafordata,applicationprograminstructions,andtheoperatingsystem

StorageBasics

Astoragemediumcontainsdata

Astoragedevicerecordsandretrievesdatafromastoragemedium

MagneticDiskandTapeTechnology 

AfloppydiskisaroundpieceofflexibleMylarplasticcoveredwithathinlayerofmagneticoxideandsealedinsideaprotectivecasing

Atapedriveisadevicethatreadsdatafromandwritesdatatoalongstreamofrecordablemediasimilartothetapesusedinaudiocassettes

Atapeisasequentialstoragemedium

CDandDVDTechnology

Opticalstoragestoresdataasmicroscopiclightanddarkspotsonthedisksurface

–CDandDVDstoragetechnologies

SolidStateStorage

Solidstatestoragetechnologystoresdatainanerasable,rewritablecircuitry

Cardreadermayberequiredtoreaddataonsolidstatestorage

AU3driveisaspecialtypeofUSBflashdrivethatispreconfiguredtoautoplaywhenitisinsertedintoacomputer

MEMORY

RAM:

RAM（randomaccessmemory）isatemporaryholdingareafordata,applicationprograminstructions,andtheoperatingsystem.

TodifferentiatebetweenRAMandhard-diskstorage,rememberthatRAMholdsdataincircuitrythat’sdirectlyconnectedtothesystemboard,whereashard-diskstorageplacesdataonmagneticmedia.RAMistemporarystorage;hard-diskstorageismorepermanent.Inaddition,RAMusuallyhaslessstoragecapacitythanhard-diskstorage.

ROM:

ROM（read-onlymemory）isatypeofmemorycircuitrythatholdsthecomputer'sstartuproutine.It'spermanentandnon-volatile.

ROMBIOS:

（basicinput/outputsystem）Ittellthecomputerhowtoaccesstheharddiskfindtheoperatingsystem,andloaditintoRAM.

Overclocking:

Overclockingisatechniqueforincreasingthespeedofacomputercomponent,suchasaprocessor,graphicscard,motherboard,ormemory.

DisplayDevices

CRT:

Cathoderaytube.Itusesthesamesortsofgalsstubeasastandardtelevision.

LCD:

liquidcrystaldisplay.Itproducesanimagebymanipulatinglightwithinalayerofliquidcrystalceels.

Plasmascreen:

Createsanon-screenimagebyilluminatingminiaturecoloredfluorescentlightsarrayedinapanel-likescreen.

Graphicscircuitrygeneratesthesignalsfordisplayinganimageonthescreen

–Integratedgraphics

–Graphicscard

Printers

Dotmatrixprintersproducecharactersandgraphicsbyusingagridoffinewires

–Thewiresstrikearibbonandthepaper

Anink-jetprinterhasanozzle-likeprintheadthatspraysinkontopaper

Alaserprinterworkslikeaphotocopier

SurgeProtection

Apowersurgeisasuddenincreaseorspikeinelectricalenergy,affectingthecurrentthatflowsto

electricaloutlets

Chapter3

ApplicationSoftware

Groupware:

ItisdesignedtohelpseveralpeoplecollaborateonasingleprojectusinglocalnetworksorInternetconnections.

Productivitysoftware:

Softwarethathelpspeopleworkmoreefficiently;traditionallywordprocessing,spreadsheet,presentation,e-mail,anddatabasesoftware.

UtilitySoftware

Utilitysoftware（atypeofsystemsoftware）isdesignedtohelpyoumonitorandconfiguresettingsforyourcomputersystemequipment,theoperatingsystem,orapplicationsoftware

Adesktopwidgetisaspecializedutilityprogramthatappearsonacomputer’sscreen-baseddesktop

DeviceDrivers

Devicedriver:

Itissoftwarethathelpsaperipheraldeviceestablishcommunicationwithacomputer

DatabaseSoftware

 Databasesoftwarehelpsyoufind,organize,update,andreportinformationstoredinadatabase

SoftwareCopyrightsandLicenses

Acopyrightisaformoflegalprotectionthatgrantstheauthorofanoriginal“work”exclusiverights

–Copyrightnotice

Softwarelicensesdefinethewaysinwhichyoumayuseacomputerprogram

–Single-user

–Site

–Multiple-user

•Concurrent-use

SecuritySoftwareBasics

Securitysoftwareisdesignedtoprotectcomputersfromvariousformsofdestructivesoftwareandunauthorizedintrusions

Thetermsmalicioussoftwareandmalwarerefertoanycomputerprogramdesignedtosurreptitiouslyenteracomputer,gainunauthorizedaccesstodata,ordisruptnormalprocessingoperations

Ablendedthreatdescribesmalwarethatcombinesmorethanonetypeofmaliciousprogram

Thetermrootkitreferstosoftwaretoolsusedtoconcealmalwareandbackdoorsthathavebeeninstalledonavictim’scomputer

Chapter4

Operatingsystem:

Anoperatingsystemisatypeofsystemsoftwarethatactsasthemastercontrollerforactivitiesthattakeplacewithinacomputersystem.

OperatingSystemActivities

Multitaskingprovidesprocessandmemorymanagementservicesthatallowtwoormoretasks,jobs,orprogramstorunsimultaneously

Withinasingleprogram,multithreadingallowsmultipleparts,orthreads,torunsimultaneously

Anoperatingsystem’smultiprocessingcapabilitysupportsadivisionoflaboramongalltheprocessingunits

Managememory

Memoryleak---instructionsanddatafromoneareaofmemoryoverflowintomemoryallocatedtoanotherprogram.

DOSisshortforDiskOperatingSystem

FileNamesandExtensions

Acomputerfileisdefinedasanamedcollectionofdatathatexistsonastoragemedium.

FileDirectoriesandFolders

Adiskpartitionisasectionofaharddiskdrivethatistreatedasaseparatestorageunit

PhysicalFileStorage

Thephysicalstoragemodeldescribeswhathappensonthedisksandinthecircuitswhenfilesarestored

Adiskdriveusuallyworkswithagroupofsectorscalledaclusterorablock

SystemBackup

Afullbackupmakesafreshcopyofeveryfileinthefoldersyou’vespecifiedforthebackup

Adifferentialbackupmakesabackupofonlythosefilesthatwereaddedorchangedsinceyourlastfullbackupsession

Anincrementalbackupmakesabackupofthefilesthatwereaddedorchangedsincethelastbackup—notnecessarilythefilesthatchangedfromthelastfullbackup

Arecoverydiskloadshardwaredriversandusersettingsaswellastheoperatingsystem

–Sometimesincludedwithnewcomputersystems

–TheWindowsXPBackuputilitycreatesasetofAutomated

SystemRecoverydisks

BootandRecoveryDisks

Abootdiskisaremovablestoragemediumcontainingtheoperatingsystemfilesneededtobootyourcomputerwithoutaccessingtheharddisk

–BootsDOS

Exercises1

.ROM什么?

RAM分别是什么？

它们各自有什么特点？

ROM:

ROM（read-onlymemory）isatypeofmemorycircuitrythatholdsthecomputer'sstartuproutine.It'spermanentandnon-volatile.

RAM:

RAM（randomaccessmemory）isatemporaryholdingareafordata,applicationprograminstructions,andtheoperatingsystem.

2.十进制数转换为二进制数的基本方法是什么？

十进制数66转换为二进制数是多少？

大家都会,过程略。

。

。

。

     100010

3.编译程序的作用？

Compiler:

Convertsstatementswritteninahigh-levelprogramminglanguageintoobjectcodethattheprocessorcanexecute.

4.什么是微控制器？

它和计算机的区别是什么？

Themicroprocessorisanintegr