全球化的影响英文共11页word资料.docx

全球化的影响英文共11页word资料.docx

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全球化的影响英文共11页word资料

AdvantagesAndDisadvantagesOfGloblization

Aglobalshifthasmadeconsiderableadvantagesanddisadvantagesonsocietytoday. WiththeincreaseofAmericanbusinessesmovingbeyondnationalmarketstoothermarketsaroundtheglobeinordertoincreasetheirfinancialbottomlinetherehasbeenarapiddeclineinnationaljobs. Aparticularadvantageofglobalizationistheopportunityoffreetradeandtheresultontheglobaleconomy. However,thedisadvantageisthedestructionoflocaljobs,marketsandforcedmovementofpeople. InorderforglobalizationtocontinueinAmerica,theremustbeasystemtomaintaintheeconomywithoutcausingthegovernmentandpeopletosuffer. Recently,employeesofBoschCorporationexperiencedtheeffectsofglobalizationwhenthecompanyoutsourcedlaborandresourcestoIndia.

ThomasFriedmanmentionsinhisessay,"TheSuperStory","Theworldhasbecomeanincreasinglyinterwovenplace,andtoday,whetheryouareacompanyoracountry,yourthreatsandopportunitiesincreasinglyderivefromwhoyouareconnectedto." Withoutglobalizationimportingandexportingwouldn'tbeaconcept.Therewouldbelittletonomarket,andthereforesociety'swayoflifetomakethefinestproductsavailableatthebestpriceswouldnotbeconceivable. Havingahigherstandardoflifebecauseofglobalization,andtravelhasbecomecommon,whetherit'sforbusinessorpleasure. 

Thedisadvantagesareeasytoseebylookingatoccurrencesthathappenallovertheworld. Politicaldecisions,weathercatastrophes,wars,andmanyotherthings,nomatterwheretheyhappen,seemtoaffectjobs,economy,andevengasprices. WherethelabormarkethasnotstabilizedinAmerica,unemploymentratesarerising,andthisisnotparticulartojustAmerica;thesameconditionshavebeendocumentedinmanycountries,regardlessoftheirdevelopmentstage. Americansmustbemindfuloftheshiftingenvironment. Duetothelackofjobsandincreaseofthecostofforeigngoods,...

Theeconomiesoftheworldarebeingincreasinglyintegrated.MobilephonesandInternethavebroughtpeoplecloser.Theworldisbecomingasmallerplace.Goods,whichwereonceconfinedtowesterncountries,areavailableacrosstheglobe.WorkcanbeoutsourcedtoanypartoftheworldthathasanInternetconnection.Becauseofimprovementsintrafficinfrastructureoneisabletoreachone’sdestinationinarelativelyshortspanoftime.

Thenegativeeffectsofglobalization

Opponentsofglobalizationpointouttoitsnegativeeffects.Someofthemarelistedbelow.

Developednationshaveoutsourcedmanufacturingandwhitecollarjobs.Thatmeanslessjobsfortheirpeople.ThishashappenedbecausemanufacturingworkisoutsourcedtodevelopingnationslikeChinawherethecostofmanufacturinggoodsandwagesarelower.Programmers,editors,scientistsandaccountantshavelosttheirjobsduetooutsourcingtocheaperlocationslikeIndia.

Globalizationhasledtoexploitationoflabor.Prisonersandchildworkersareusedtoworkininhumaneconditions.Safetystandardsareignoredtoproducecheapgoods.

Jobinsecurity.Earlierpeoplehadstable,permanentjobs.Nowpeopleliveinconstantdreadoflosingtheirjobstocompetition.Increasedjobcompetitionhasledtoreductioninwagesandconsequentlylowerstandardsofliving.

Terroristshaveaccesstosophisticatedweaponsenhancingtheirabilitytoinflictdamage.TerroristsusetheInternetforcommunicatingamongthemselves.

Companieshavesetupindustriescausingpollutionincountrieswithpoorregulationofpollution.

FastfoodchainslikeMcDonaldsandKFCarespreadinginthedevelopingworld.Peopleareconsumingmorejunkfoodfromthesejointswhichhasanadverseimpactontheirhealth.

Thebenefitsofglobalizationisnotuniversal.Thericharegettingricherandthepoorarebecomingpoorer.

BadapectsofforeignculturesareaffectingthelocalculturesthroughTVandtheInternet.

EnemynationscanspreadpropagandathroughtheInternet.

DeadlydiseaseslikeHIV/AIDSarebeingspreadbytravellerstotheremotestcornersoftheglobe.

Localindustriesarebeingtakenoverbyforeignmultinationals.

Theincreaseinpriceshasreducedthegovernmentsabilitytosustainsocialwelfareschemesindevelopedcountries.

Thereisincreaseinhumantrafficking.

MultinatonalCompaniesandcorporationswhichwerepreviouslyrestrictedtocommercialactivitiesareincreasinglyinfluencingpoliticaldecisions.

Thepositiveaspectofglobalization

Globalizationhasapositivesideaswell.Supportersofglobalizationarguethatitisgoodandbeneficial.Someoftheirargumentsarelistedbelow.

Globalizationhascreatedtheconceptofoutsourcing.Worksuchassoftwaredevelopment,customersupport,marketing,accountingandinsuranceisoutsourcedtodevelopingcountrieslikeIndia.Sothecompanythatoutsourcedtheworkenjoysthebenefitoflowercostsbecausethewagesindevelopingcountriesisfarlowerthanthatofdevelopedcountries.Theworkersinthedevelopingcountriesgetemployment.Developingcountriesgetaccesstothelatesttechnology.

Increasedcompetitionforcescompaniestolowerprices.Thisbenefitstheendconsumers.

Increasedmediacoveragedrawstheattentionoftheworldtohumanrightviolations.Thisleadstoimprovementinhumanrights.

GeneralEffects:

Theglobalizationhasbroughtarevolution,inChinesecities.Peking,thecapitalofChina,thatusedtobeproudofgreatwallalone,nowhashighrisingbuildings,withallthemodernfacilities,whichcanbefoundinNewYork.Theymaynothave,grandstructureslikeWorldTradeCenterbuildings,butfortunately,theyarenotconfrontingthemenaceofterrorismasthecitizensofUSAarefacingtoday.TheruralpopulationofChinahasnofearofmigratingurbanareasasthepeaceandsecurityaguaranteedatboththevenuesandresultantlytheChinesetownshavecompletelytransformedintomoderncities.ThegiganticChinesesocialexperimenthasstartedleavingitsimpactonthelifeofcommonChinesepeople.TheChinesemodelcannotbeanalyzedaccordingtoitsdifferencesfromthewesterncities.Theurbanizationmaybeviewedinthebackdropofthefact,thatChinesetownshavejuststartedtheirsJourneytourbanization,andcreatinganewworldandanewman.ThecitiesinthepastshowedanabsenceofautomobileswhichasperRobertGillian,in“neitherbackwardnessnordelay,butarejection”,toadvertising,neonsigns,andthethreefeversofmoney,alcoholandsex.ThemassivedemographicfluctuationsinChinarequiremotherlandtoacceptmoreinfluencefromworldover,“ArecentstudyestimatesthatChina'spopulationwillpeakat1.6billionin2040,comparedwith1.2billionin1995.Itisexpectedtofallbelow1.4billionby2100.”（Andrea,1999）

EffectsonAgriculture（Turningtownsintocities）

Chinawasanagriculturalandpeasantcountry,asitsmodernizationhadnevertakenplaceinthepast.Nowtheaveragesizeoffarmingisgrowingthroughthesystemofcommunes,withthesubdivisionintoproductionbrigadeandteams.Thecommunesasperlatestsurveyshavebeenfoundtobefulloflatestmachinery.（Althoughsomeofthepeasantmassesstayputanddotheirtraditional,intensivelabor）.Agriculturalmechanizationisbeingintroducedwithconsiderablecautionsoastoavoidupsettingthebalanceintheirruralandurbanareas.Theessentialpointofthematteristhattheagriculturallaborers,whohadbeenwithoutfarmingmachineryresisted,againsturbanization.Suchpeoplehavebeenincorporatedinlocalsmallindustry.Chinawillhavetoacceptmoreinfluenceofglobalizationasitspopulationgrowthbetweennowand2020willrequiresignificantimprovementsinagriculturaltechnologyandlandresourcemanagement.“Chinamayhavetoincreaseitsannualgrainimportsto40-50milliontons.ButifChinalagsinitsagriculturaldevelopmentandresearch,itmayfinditselfimportingalotmorethanthat,perhapsasmuchas300milliontons”（Andrea,1999）Theglobalizationhassoforfailedtoleaveimpactonthisfieldduetoreasonsmentionedabove.

EffectsonIndustry

Theindustryhadbeenmostlydecentralizedduetooverallpolicyofeconomicdecentralization.Chinahasbenefitedagreatdealfromrestoftheworldandtheglobalizationhastaughtthemtointroduceamixedsystem.ThedecentralizationisthemostimportantsteptakenbyChinasincetheGreatProletarianCulturalRevolutiontookplace.TheexperienceobtainedfromtheglobalexperiencehashelpedChinatofreeherselffromatraditionalcumbersomebureaucracyanddevelopedlocalenterprise.Thetwenty-sixChineseprovinceshavebeenmadeselfsupportinginthefieldofindustrywhichhasacceleratedtheprocessofurbanizationinthecountryasthefactorymanagementshavebeenaskedbythegovernmentofPeoplesRepublicofChinatoprovideextraordinarysocialsecuritybenefits（similartoworkersofwesterncountries）totheirworkers,abigincentivewhichhasattractedlargemasssectionofruralpopulation.

EffectsonanindividualCitizen

Chinaisstrivingtoconceivemodernizationaspartofaprocessofembellishmentofthelandscape,developmentofthepeople’sculturallifeforthebenefitofall.Theinterestofanindividualhasbeenkeptbeforethemachinery.Acommoncitizenisalthoughnotverywelltodo,buthislifestylecanbecomparedwithanyindividualofaEuropeancountryduetoextensiveurbanization.Eachindividual,whoresistedtomovetocities,inthepasthasdecidedtoday（aspersomesurveyscarriedoutbyvoluntaryorganizations）tomigratetocitiestogainextrabenefits,whichhasspeededupurbanizationinChina.Thevisiblechang