本科毕业设计美国历史上黑人所扮演的角色.docx
《本科毕业设计美国历史上黑人所扮演的角色.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《本科毕业设计美国历史上黑人所扮演的角色.docx(13页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
本科毕业设计美国历史上黑人所扮演的角色
中文摘要
从美国的历史可以清楚的了解黑人对美国的政治、经济和文化有着重要的影响。
他们经历了各种各样的困难和挫折,进行了各式的斗争,为的就是争取民族平等和自由。
美国黑人的解放运动是黑人斗争史的开端,民权运动期间达到顶峰。
整个斗争过程对美国历史的发展起到推动作用,更是使美国人权得到发展。
本文重点剖析了美国黑人的地位和民权运动产生的原因。
黑人在美国历史上扮演着非常重要的角色。
同时,应当重视多民族国家的文明发展,从而避免种族歧视对和平发展的遏制。
关键字:
黑人的角色;美国历史;种族歧视
TableofContents
Abstract...........................................................................................................................................i
中文摘要.........................................................................................................................................ii
1.IntroductionandLiteratureReview........................................................................................1
2.HistoryofAmericanBlacks.......................................................................................................2
2.1BlackImmigrants.......................................................................................................................2
2.1.1BlacksSlaves2
2.1.2LiberationMovementofBlackSlaves2
2.2CivilRightsMovement..............................................................................................................3
2.2.1TheReasonsofCivilRightsMovement3
2.2.2Anti-segregationMovement4
2.2.2.1Non-violentPeaceMovement4
2.2.2.2TheClimaxofBlackMovement4
3.PositionofAmericanBlacks......................................................................................................6
3.1EconomicPosition.....................................................................................................................6
3.1.1LivingCondition6
3.1.2TheImpactontheSouthernAgriculture.......................................................................6
3.2PoliticalPosition........................................................................................................................6
3.3EducationalPosition..................................................................................................................7
4.TheGreatBlackFiguresinAmericanHistory........................................................................8
5.Conclusion................................................................................................................................10
Reference......................................................................................................................................11
Acknowledgements......................................................................................................................12
1.IntroductionandLiteratureReview
InAmericanhistory,blacksplayedanimportantrole.AmericanblackstriedtheirbesttofightagainstracialdiscriminationandnationaloppressionincessantlyfromthetimeofearlyslaverytillthepromulgationofEmancipationProclamation,bothinCivilWarandCivilRightsMovement.Americanblacksthirstedforextricatingthemselvesfromadifficultposition,throwingofftheyoke,obtainingfreedomandbeingapprovedbyhistorywithdignity.AreviewoftheroleplayedbytheAmericanblacksinthehistoryofAmericaraisescriticalquestionsabouttheconflictofAbolitionMovementinUnitedStatesduringtheCivilWarandCivilRightsMovementwhichstruggledagainstviolentrepression.Manyscholarssurveyedtheeconomic,politicalandculturalpositionofAmericanblacksin1960s.CarolineRoth(1972)usedthestatisticsaccordingtoBryantDowlaistoshowtheinjurybyracialconflictsduringtheCivilRightsMovement.ClayborneCarson(2009)recompiledandrearrangedtheautobiographyofMartinLutherKingwhichcompletelypresentsthegrowthofanationalleaderandhisexperienceasanaverageblack.JamesJackson(1959)laidouttheroadthatAmericanblacksfoughtfortheircivilrights.ThearticledescribedthediscriminationofblacksfromdifferentaspectsofAmericansocietyatthattime.Moreover,DengShusheng(1990)gaveadetailedanalyseonthehistoryofAmericanblacksandtheirstatusquo.However,littleworkhasbeendoneonthereasonsofCivilRightsMovementasforhowtocoordinatethemultinationalrelationship.ThisstudydiscussestheencounterandreasonsofAmericanblacksinAmericanhistory,andanalysestheirpolitical,economicandeducationalpositiontoexplaintheimportantroleplayedbyAmericanblacks.ThepersonswhomadecontributionstotheimprovementofAmericanblacksaregreatblacksinAmericanhistory.Thefirstpartofthispaperwilllayoutblackimmigiantsandcivilrightsmovement.ThesecondpartwilldiscussthepositionofAmericanblacks,thenpresentsthecontributionsandsomesuggestions.Thistopicandsuggestionsareofimportancetothecivilizeddevelopmentofaunitarymultinationalcountryandtothepeacefulandharmoniousdevelopmentofthewholeworld.
2.HistoryofAmericanBlacks
2.1BlackImmigrants
TheUnitedStatesisacountrycomposedofdifferentnationalitiesandimmigrants.AfricanscameintotheAmericanContinentasthraldom.Theyknewwheretheywerefrombutnotwheretheycamefromexactlybecausetheylosttheir“roots”intheirmohterlandandtheirfamilies.
2.1.1BlacksSlaves
Asopinionsvary,nounanimousconclusioncanbedrawnwhentheblackslavesfirstcametoAmerica.Somehistorianpointstotheyearof1607withoutanydirectevidence.ANetherlandishshipbrought20blackswhogenerallyregardedascontractedslavesin1619,butlittleevidencecanprovewhethertheywerereivedorbought.Thenumberofblackslavesarelessthanwhitecontractedslavesbytheendofseventeenthcentury.Virginiaistheplaceregardedasthebeginningofearlyslaverysystem,with15000slavesin1681butonly3000blackslaves.(ChengJingyu,2007:
71)Lawwaspassedtoensurethatthestatusofblackslaveswasconstantandsustainablein1611.Atthesametime,Blackslavesweretakentoothercolonies.VirginiacreatedaprecedentofslaveryinAmericanhistory.(ChengJingyu,2007:
192)
SlaveryintheUnitedStateswasaformofbondedlaborwhichexistedasalegalinstitutioninNorthAmericaformorethanacenturybeforethefoundingoftheUnitedStatesin1776.BlackslaveryderivedinAmericahasitsuniquefeature.Inmanycountries,slaverywasadmitedinhistorypoliticallyandmorallyforthousandsofyears.However,thepracticeoftradingblackslaveswasdiscusseddrasticallyfromthebeginninginAmerica.Somecolonieseventriedtopasslawstopreventslaverysystem.Thosewhoopposedtothepracticeorinstitutionofslaveryworriedthatslaveswouldconstituteathreattothesocialstabilityratherthanconsideringtheaffectionofslaves.
Withthedevelopmentofsouthernagriculture,lawswhichprohibitedthesalesofslavescouldn’tcontrolthesituation.Large-scalesmugglingofslaveswasrampantwhenexternalsourceofslaveswascutoff.Thissituatondidn’tsuspenduntil1860.
2.1.2LiberationMovementofBlackSlaves
AlthoughTheDeclarationofIndependencestatesthatallmenarebornequal,thewhiterulingclassdidn’tregardblacksasthus.Blackslosttheirpositionandprivilegeasman,andtheywereobviouslyexpectingtobeequalandrespectedandstrivedforthem.
However,anylegalactioncouldn’tprotecttheirrightsandtheyfacedallkindsoffrustrations,someblackswerecompelledtoresorttoviolenceinsuchsituations.Morethan250slaveoutbreakshadhappenedbeforetheCivilWar,allofwhichwereruthlesslypersecutedandsuppressed.(DengShusheng,1990:
49)Themovementofdemandingtheabolitionofslaverycameintoexistencesincethebeginningof1830s.Actually,duringthetimeofthecolonizationandIndependenceWar,FranklinandJeffersonhadcomeupwiththeideaofabolishingslavery.Somestatesinthenorthabolishedslaverysuccessivelyaftertheindependence.In1820s,theorganizationofabolishmentofslaverybegantoappearinAmerica.In1820,therewastheManumissionSocietyinNorthCarolina,whichisregardedastherecreationoftheSouth.Abolitionistsbuiltsomesecretsubwayswhichledtosomeroutesandaccommodationstationtoasistblackslavesintheirescapefromsouthtonorth.From1800to1850,therewere2000escapestotheNorthonaverageeachyear.(ChengJingyu,2007:
237)
TheCivilWarfrom1861to1865playedavitalroletodecidewhetherslaverysystembeabolishedornot.LincolndeclaredEmancipationProclamationonJanuary1st,1863.AmericanblacksextricatedthemselvesfromslaverypositionthroughtheCivilWar,about250,000blackstookpartintheconfederatearmytofightagainstslaveholders,and38000blackslosttheirlivesfortheLiberationWar.(DengShusheng,1990:
50)OnJanuary1st,1865,TheUnitedStatesCongresspassedAmendmentoftheslaveryabolishmenttopreventblacksandtheirdescendantsfrombecomingslavesagaininlaw.
2.2CivilRightsMovement
AftertheWorldWarⅡ,inthe50sand60softhe20thcentury,Americacameintoaperiodofmaximumdevelopment.Duringthisperiod,thecivilrightsmovementoftheblackswereconstantlydevelopingandgrowing.AmericancapitalismgreatlydevelopedaftertheCivilWar,sodidthesocialstructure.MoreandmoreoftheblackslefttheSouthandalargenumberofintellectualblackshadgrownintheNorthatthebeginningofthe20thcentury.ThentheNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeoplewasfounded.TheCivilRightsmovementinAmericahadcomeintoaperiodofbeingwell-organized.
2.2.1TheReasonsofCivilRightsMovement
TherearemanyreasonswhyCivilRightsMovementhasvitaleffectsonthewholehistoryofBlacksstruggle.Thekeyfactorcontainsthreepoints.Firstofall,thebasicfactoriscontinualgrowthofthepopulationofblackcitizensalloverthemaincitiesofAmerica.Largenumberofblackpeoplele