Greener energy Issues and challenges for PakistanBiomass energy prospective.docx

Greener energy Issues and challenges for PakistanBiomass energy prospective.docx

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GreenerenergyIssuesandchallengesforPakistanBiomassenergyprospective

Parameterstestedandexperimentalprocedure

5.Theoryoftheexperimentalheatreleaseanalysis

5.1.Preliminarytreatmentofthemeasuredpressurediagrams

5.2.Energyconservationandstateequations

5.3.Combustionreactionandworkingmediumproperties

6.Presentationanddiscussionofcombustionheatreleaseanalysisresults

7.Discussionoftheexperimentalperformanceandemissionsresults

8.Conclusions

References

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466

EnvironmentalhealthinChina:

progresstowardscleanairandsafewater  ReviewArticle

TheLancet,Volume375,Issue9720,27March2010-2April2010,Pages1110-1119

JunfengZhang,DeniseLMauzerall,TongZhu,SongLiang,MajidEzzati,JustinVRemais

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AbstractAbstract|Figures/TablesFigures/Tables|ReferencesReferences

Summary

Environmentalriskfactors,especiallyairandwaterpollution,areamajorsourceofmorbidityandmortalityinChina.Biomassfuelandcoalareburnedforcookingandheatinginalmostallruralandmanyurbanhouseholds,resultinginsevereindoorairpollutionthatcontributesgreatlytotheburdenofdisease.Manycommunitieslackaccesstosafedrinkingwaterandsanitation,andthustheriskofwaterbornediseaseinmanyregionsishigh.Atthesametime,Chinaisrapidlyindustrialisingwithassociatedincreasesinenergyuseandindustrialwaste.Althougheconomicgrowthfromindustrialisationhasimprovedhealthandqualityoflifeindicators,ithasalsoincreasedthereleaseofchemicaltoxinsintotheenvironmentandtherateofenvironmentaldisasters,withsevereeffectsonhealth.AirqualityinChina'scitiesisamongtheworstintheworld,andindustrialwaterpollutionhasbecomeawidespreadhealthhazard.Moreover,emissionsofclimate-warminggreenhousegasesfromenergyusearerapidlyincreasing.GlobalclimatechangewillinevitablyintensifyChina'senvironmentalhealthtroubles,withpotentiallycatastrophicoutcomesfrommajorshiftsintemperatureandprecipitation.Facingtheoverlapoftraditional,modern,andemergingenvironmentaldilemmas,Chinahascommittedsubstantialresourcestoenvironmentalimprovement.Thecountryhastheopportunitytoaddressitsnationalenvironmentalhealthchallengesandtoassumeacentralroleintheinternationalefforttoimprovetheglobalenvironment.

ArticleOutline

Introduction

Environmentalrisks

Airpollution

Waterpollution

ImprovementofenvironmentalhealthpoliciesinChina

Searchstrategyandselectioncriteria

Acknowledgements

References

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467

MethodologyproposalforterritorialdistributionofgreenhousegasreductionpercentagesintheEUaccordingtothestrategicenergypolicygoal  OriginalResearchArticle

AppliedEnergy,Volume87,Issue11,November2010,Pages3552-3564

A.Tolón-Becerra,X.Lastra-Bravo,F.Bienvenido-Bárcena

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Abstract

A20%reductionofgreenhousegas（GHG）emissionsby2020isoneofthemainobjectivesoftheEuropeanUnion（EU）energypolicy.However,thisoverallobjectivedoesnotspecifyhowitshouldbedistributedamongtheMemberStates,accordingtoeachone’sparticularcharacteristics.Consequently,inthisarticleanon-lineardistributionmethodologywithdynamicobjectivetargetsforreducingGHGemissionsisproposed.Thegoalofthismethodologyistopromotedebateovertheweightingoftheseoverallobjectives,accordingtothecontextandcharacteristicsofeachmemberstate.First,ananalysisisconductedofthesituationofgreenhousegasemissionsinthereferenceyear（1990）usedbytheEUforreachingitsgoalofreducingthemby20%by2020,anditsprogressfrom1990to2007.Then,themethodologyproposedwasappliedfortheyear2020ontwoterritorialaggregationlevelsfollowingtheEUROSTATNomenclatureofTerritorialUnitsforStatistics（NUTS）,intheEU-15andEU-27membercountriesandonaregionallevelin19SpanishAutonomousCommunitiesandCities（NUTS-2）.WeightingisdonebasedonCO2intensity,GHGemissionspercapitaandGHGemissionsperGDP.Finally,severalrecommendationsareprovidedfortheformulationofenergypolicies.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.Methodology

2.1.Criteriaforweightingthesavingsinprimaryenergyconsumption:

desirablethresholdanddynamictargets

2.2.Scenariosanddata

2.3.Weightedreductioncoefficientdistributionformula

3.AnalysisoftheevolutionofGHGemissionsinEurope

3.1.GHGemissionsduring1990–2007

3.2.GHGemissionspercapitaduring1990–2007

3.3.GHGemissionsperGDPduring1990–2007

3.4.CO2intensityduring1996–2007

4.SituationofGHGemissionsinthereferenceyear（1990）inEuropeandinSpain

5.Resultsofapplicationofproposedmethodology

5.1.ResultsforEU-27andEU-15geographicscenarios

5.1.1.Hypothesis1:

basedonCO2intensity

5.1.2.Hypothesis2:

basedonGHGemissionspercapita

5.1.3.Hypothesis3:

basedontheGHGemissionstoGDPratio

5.2.ResultsintheSpanishgeographicscenario

6.PoliciesandfuturelinesofresearchtoreduceGHGemissions

7.Conclusions

References

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468

Fuelconsumptionandassociatedemissionsfromseagoingshipsatberthderivedfromanon-boardsurvey  OriginalResearchArticle

AtmosphericEnvironment,Volume44,Issue9,March2010,Pages1229-1236

J.H.J.Hulskotte,H.A.C.DeniervanderGon

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Abstract

Amethodologyispresentedtoestimatetheemissionsofshipsatberthbasedontheiractualfuelconsumptionandthefuelquality.Accurateestimatesofemissionsfromshipsatberthdemandreliableknowledgeofthefuelconsumptionwhileatberthandassociatedfuelcharacteristics.However,assuredinformationaboutenergyuseandfuelconsumptionofseagoingshipsatberthisscarce.Properestimationofshipemissionsatberthiscrucialforunderstandingtheimpactofshippingemissionsonairqualityandhealthinharbourcitiesaswellasforaproperevaluationoftheimpactofabatementmeasuressuchasshore-sideelectricityand/orrestrictionsofsulphurcontentforshippingfuelstobeusedinports.Therefore,asurveyofenergyconsumptionandfueluseonboardof89seagoingshipswasmadeinclosecooperationwiththePortofRotterdam.RotterdamisthemajorportofEuropeensuringthattheresultswillhaverelevanceforthelargerEuropeandomain.Onboardoftheshipsatberth,aquestionnairewasfilledinbythechiefengineerofthatparticularship,assistedbytwoformermechanicalshippingengineersemployedatourorganization.Surveyresultsaswellastheemissionestimationsarecomparedtothe（scarce）informationthatisavailableandexpertjudgementsinrecentstudies.ThecompiledsurveydataunderliethecurrentDutchemissionestimationmethodologyforemissionsofshipsatberth.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.Methodology

2.1.Questionnaire

2.2.Fuelconsumption

2.3.Verificationofenergyconsumption

2.3.1.VerificationofenergyconsumptionofcontainershipsinRotterdam

2.3.2.Verificationofenergyconsumptionofotherships

2.4.Typeoffuels

2.5.Typeofenginesandmachinery

2.6.Emissioncalculationscheme

2.6.1.Emissionfactors

3.Resultsanddiscussion

3.1.Activitydata

3.2.EmissionsfromshipsatberthinthePortofRotterdam

3.3.Genericapplicabilityofthesurveyoutcome

4.Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

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469

Whowillbuyelectriccars?

AnempiricalstudyinGermany  OriginalResearchArticle

TransportationResearchPartD:

TransportandEnvironment,Volume16,Issue3,May2011,Pages236-243

TheoLieven,SilkeMühlmeier,SvenHenkel,JohannF.Waller

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Abstract

Thisstudyforecaststhemarketpotentialofelectricvehiclesbylookingat14categoriesofvehicle.Itweighstheindividualprioritiesagainstsocialpreferencesandaselectionprocessisusedtoanalyseprioritiesandbarrierstoallowindividualsconsideredpotentialelectricvehiclebuyerstobeidentified.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.Themethodology

2.1.Vehicleusesandtypes

2.2.Socialpreferences

2.3.IndividualbarrierstoEVpurchase

3.Results

3.1.Discussion

3.2.Evaluationoftheprocedure

4.Conclusion

References

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Researchhighlights

►Priceandrangearethecrucialpurchasecriteriaforelectricvehicles（EVs）.►Althoughmicro/citycarsarelesssusceptibletorange,pricesensitivityishigh.►Sports,mid-sizeandexecutiveEVswillhaveahighermarketpotentialthanmicro/citycars.►ParticularlycommercialcarswillbeconsideredasEVs（taxis）.►175,000EVscouldbetheannualsalesofEVsinGermany（5%oftotalsales）.

470

Experimentassessmentofhydrogenproductionfromactivatedaluminumalloysinportablegeneratorforfuelcellapplications  OriginalResearchArticle

Energy,Volume35,Issue7,July2010,Pages2922-2926

Mei–qiangFan,Li–xianSun,FenXu

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Abstract

Anexperimentassessmentofhydrogenproductionfromactivatedaluminumalloyinportablehyd