英文论文翻译 The Challenges of Reusing Mining and MineralProcessing Wastes.docx

英文论文翻译 The Challenges of Reusing Mining and MineralProcessing Wastes.docx

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英文论文翻译TheChallengesofReusingMiningandMineralProcessingWastes

TheChallengesofReusingMiningandMineral-ProcessingWastes

Miningandmineral-processingwastesareoneoftheworld’slargestchronicwasteconcerns.Theirreuseshouldbeincludedinfuturesustainabledevelopmentplans,butthepotentialimpactsonanumberofenvironmentalprocessesarehighlyvariableandmustbethoroughlyassessed.Thechemicalcompositionandgeotechnicalpropertiesofthesourcerockdeterminewhichusesaremostappropriateandwhetherreuseiseconomicallyfeasible.Ifproperlyevaluated,miningwastecanbereusedtoreextractminerals,provideadditionalfuelforpowerplants,supplyconstructionmaterials,andrepairsurfaceandsubsurfacelandstructuresalteredbyminingactivitiesthemselves.Miningandmineral-processingwastes—thesolidandliquidmaterialsgeneratedafterminingandoreprocessingatornearminesites—havenocurrenteconomicuse.Anumberofenvironmentalproblemsareassociatedwiththedisposalofthiswaste,includingcontaminationofstreamsandlakesandpronouncedlandscapetransformation（e.g.,stock-piledwasterockandtailings,subsidencebasins,openpits,andremovalofoverburdenrockandtopsoil）（Fig.1）.Despiteseveraleffortstoreducetheamountofwasteproduced,solidmineralwastesremainoneoftheworld’slargestwastestreams.Forexample,NorthAmericaproducesmorethan10timesasmuchsolidminewasteasmunicipalsolidwastepercapita.Becausemineralproductioncontinuestobenecessaryforeconomicdevelopment,therecyclingandreuseofminingandmineral-processingwastesareimportantmanagementstrategiesnowandinthefuture.

Theoriginofminingandmineral-processingwastesiscloselyrelatedtotheformationofthetargetresourceorminerals.Forexample,manycoaldepositsexistinsubsidedregionsresultingfrommountainformation;hence,theoverlaysofcoalresourcesaregenerallynotverythickandconsistofrelativelyinactivesedimentaryrocks.In2010,worldwidetotalcoalproductionwasabout7273.3milliontones（Mt）,withanestimatedwasteofabout1454.7Mtduetocoalproduction.Ofthiswaste,upto100%（totalwastewithnoproductionofprospectiveminerals）maybeduetotheminingorextractionmethod.Wastesproducedduringcoalpreparation（removalofundesiredmaterialsfromcoalthroughcoalwashing,crushing,screening,anddewatering）mayreach10to30%ofrawcoal;mostofthesewastesareinslurryformasaresultofthewashingprocess.Thefinalformofwastecanbedetrimentaltothefeasibilityofreuseandrecyclingbecauseitdictatesthecostoffurtherprocessing.

Miningandmineral-processingwastesconsistofrocks,soils,oilsands,andloosesediments.Themineralogicalandchemicalcharacterizationsofminingwastesareusefulinforecastinggeo-technicalproperties（particlesizeandstructure,plasticity,bulkdensity,drydensity,shearstrength）ofthewasteandtheleachabilityofpotentiallyharmfulcompounds.Themineralogicalcompositionoftheprocessingwastescanbeheterogeneousbecauseofthedepositionofwastesfromtheprocessingofdifferentminesources,yieldingarangeofphysicalandchemicalproperties.Forexample,themineralcompositionoftailingsfrommetalandnonmetalminesinChinaisdividedintoeightbroadtypes.

Themostimportantmineralogicalconsiderationsarethosethatinfluencemineralrecovery,decontamination,acidrockdrainage,andprocessesthataffectsedimentstrengthandcohesion.TheconcentrationsoftoxicelementsandmetalloidssuchasCd,As,Hg,Cr,andPbarehighlyvariable,butifpresentinsufficientquantities,theymayinhibitplantgrowthordegradewaterquality.Methodssuchasmechanicalseparation,chemicalcarbonation,andhydrothermalmineralizationcanremovesomeofthesetoxicelements,butmayalsoinsomecasesmobilizemetalsingroundwaterandsurfacewatersthroughoxidation.

Thereuseofminingandmineral-processingwastesmayminimizetheenvironmentalimpactsrelatedtodisposal;however,somereuseandre-cyclingmeasuresmayactuallycausenewandseriousenvironmentalproblems.Theoverallenvironmentalcostscanbedeterminedbyvariousapproachessuchasecologicalriskassessment,lifecycleassessment,sustainabilityoperationsassessment,andecologicalfootprintestimates.Economiccost-benefitanalysis,however,istheultimatedriverintermsofthefeasibilityofaspecificreusetechnology.IfthecostsoffinaltargetmaterialextractionorminewastereusemethodareEconomicallyprohibitive,theneventhemosteco-friendlyprocessmethodswillbedifficulttoimplementwithoutregulationorgovernmentsubsidies.

Oneapproachtominimizecostistoimprovewasteprocessingefficiency,whichdependsontheoptimizationoftheresourceallocationtominimizeenvironmentaleffectswhilemaximizingthequantityofwastesprocessedandtheassociatedbenefits.Avoidingwasteinthefirstplaceisthemostfavoredmeansofincreasingwasteprocessingefficiencybecauseithastheleastenvironmentalimpactandpossiblyinvolvestheleastenergyspentonwastedisposal;however,itisalsothemostdifficulttoaccomplish.Theuseofsolidminingwasteasbackfillandstabilizationmaterialinundergroundcoalminingispotentiallyagoodwaytoincreaseefficiency,butthetrade-offisnotstraightforwardbecauseoftheenergycostsrelatedtoadditionaltunneloperationstomovethematerial,aswellastheneedtocreateopenspacefortemporarywastestorageandmanagement.

Residualminingwastesafterreuseorresourcerecoveryaretypicallydiscardedatspecificsitessuchastailingponds.Ifwastesarenotdisposedofproperly,wastewaters,especiallyfromhydrocarbonwastes,canenterstreamsandpotablesupplywells.Theprimarygoalfordisposalofminingandmineral-processingwastesshouldbetoensurethatthewasteremainsphysically,geographically,chemically,andradiologicallystableandinert,andifthisisnotpossible,thewastesmustbeisolatedandpreventedfrominteractingwiththeecosystem.Reuseofdiscardedminewaste,referredtoastailingrecovery,helpsreduceexposureofwastetotheenvironmentandinsomecasescanmaximizetargetmineralefficiency.Forexample,wasterockorcoalslimegeneratedafterwashingprocessesmaycontaincarbonwithcalorificvaluesof3350to6280kJ/kg,whichcanberemixedwithcoalforadditionalpowergeneration.Asabove,thereuseofminetailingsorcoalslimesalsomayhavepotentialnegativeenvironmentalimpacts,suchasincreasedemissionsofnitrogendioxideandsulfurdioxide.

Consideringthefactorsthatdictatewhenandwhereminingwastereusemakessenseenvironmentally,economically,orboth,thereareseveralexamplesofsuccessfulreuseprojects.Wasterocksandiron/steelslagshavebeenusedasalternativeaggregatesfortheconstructionofroadsandrailroadbanks,riverembankments,dikes,anddams.Asaresultofregulatorypolicies,minewastereuseforroadwaysandparkingareasisanacceptedpracticeinChinabutnotintheUnitedStates.Wasterockandtailingshavealsobeenusedasauxiliarysourcematerialsforproducingbuildingmaterialssuchascement,hollowbricks,concrete,andglass.Groundsubsidencebasinsinducedbymininghavealsobeenfilledwithwasterockandcoveredwithtopsoil.Therepairedlandcanthenbereclaimedasfarmland,grassland,orconstructionland.Thewasterockortailingscanalsobecrushedandmixedwithflyashandcementasbackfillinminedcavities,whichhasthepotentialtoreducesurfacesubsidenceandisapromisingmethodforlargeamountsofwastereuse.

Itisdifficulttoassignauniversalmethodtoreuseallkindsofminingandmineral-processingwastes.Eachkindofwastehasitsownappropriatewaysforreuse,whichevencanvaryaccordingtolocalenvironmentalconditions（e.g.,proximitytodrinkingwater,depthofminingactivity）.Inanysituationwhereminingandmineralprocessingwastesarereintroducedbacktothesubsurface,effortsmustbemadetoensurethatnopollutantstransferfromminingwastestofoodorwatersupplies.Appropriateenvironmentalmonitoringandassessmentstudiesshouldalwaysbeincludedinthereusedesign.

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