孙子兵法英汉对照.docx

孙子兵法英汉对照.docx

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孙子兵法英汉对照

I.LAYINGPLANS

1.SunTzusaid:

Theartofwarisofvitalimportance

totheState.

2.Itisamatteroflifeanddeath,aroadeither

tosafetyortoruin.Henceitisasubjectofinquiry

whichcanonnoaccountbeneglected.

3.Theartofwar,then,isgovernedbyfiveconstant

factors,tobetakenintoaccountinone'sdeliberations,

whenseekingtodeterminetheconditionsobtaininginthefield.

4.Theseare:

（1）TheMoralLaw;

（2）Heaven;（3）Earth;

（4）TheCommander;（5）Methodanddiscipline.

5,6.TheMoralLawcausesthepeopletobeincomplete

accordwiththeirruler,sothattheywillfollowhim

regardlessoftheirlives,undismayedbyanydanger.

7.Heavensignifiesnightandday,coldandheat,

timesandseasons.

8.Earthcomprisesdistances,greatandsmall;

dangerandsecurity;opengroundandnarrowpasses;

thechancesoflifeanddeath.

9.TheCommanderstandsforthevirtuesofwisdom,

sincerely,benevolence,courageandstrictness.

10.Bymethodanddisciplinearetobeunderstood

themarshalingofthearmyinitspropersubdivisions,

thegraduationsofrankamongtheofficers,themaintenance

ofroadsbywhichsuppliesmayreachthearmy,andthe

controlofmilitaryexpenditure.

11.Thesefiveheadsshouldbefamiliartoeverygeneral:

hewhoknowsthemwillbevictorious;hewhoknowsthem

notwillfail.

12.Therefore,inyourdeliberations,whenseeking

todeterminethemilitaryconditions,letthembemade

thebasisofacomparison,inthiswise:

--

13.

（1）Whichofthetwosovereignsisimbued

withtheMorallaw?

（2）Whichofthetwogeneralshasmostability?

（3）WithwhomlietheadvantagesderivedfromHeaven

andEarth?

（4）Onwhichsideisdisciplinemostrigorouslyenforced?

（5）Whicharmyisstronger?

（6）Onwhichsideareofficersandmenmorehighlytrained?

（7）Inwhicharmyistherethegreaterconstancy

bothinrewardandpunishment?

14.BymeansofthesesevenconsiderationsIcan

forecastvictoryordefeat.

15.Thegeneralthathearkenstomycounselandacts

uponit,willconquer:

letsuchaoneberetainedincommand!

Thegeneralthathearkensnottomycounselnoractsuponit,

willsufferdefeat:

--letsuchaonebedismissed!

16.Whileheadingtheprofitofmycounsel,

availyourselfalsoofanyhelpfulcircumstances

overandbeyondtheordinaryrules.

17.Accordingascircumstancesarefavorable,

oneshouldmodifyone'splans.

18.Allwarfareisbasedondeception.

19.Hence,whenabletoattack,wemustseemunable;

whenusingourforces,wemustseeminactive;whenwe

arenear,wemustmaketheenemybelievewearefaraway;

whenfaraway,wemustmakehimbelievewearenear.

20.Holdoutbaitstoenticetheenemy.Feigndisorder,

andcrushhim.

21.Ifheissecureatallpoints,bepreparedforhim.

Ifheisinsuperiorstrength,evadehim.

22.Ifyouropponentisofcholerictemper,seekto

irritatehim.Pretendtobeweak,thathemaygrowarrogant.

23.Ifheistakinghisease,givehimnorest.

Ifhisforcesareunited,separatethem.

24.Attackhimwhereheisunprepared,appearwhere

youarenotexpected.

25.Thesemilitarydevices,leadingtovictory,

mustnotbedivulgedbeforehand.

26.Nowthegeneralwhowinsabattlemakesmany

calculationsinhistempleerethebattleisfought.

Thegeneralwholosesabattlemakesbutfew

calculationsbeforehand.Thusdomanycalculations

leadtovictory,andfewcalculationstodefeat:

howmuchmorenocalculationatall!

Itisbyattention

tothispointthatIcanforeseewhoislikelytowinorlose.

[ToChinesetext|ToTop]

II.WAGINGWAR

1.SunTzusaid:

Intheoperationsofwar,

wherethereareinthefieldathousandswiftchariots,

asmanyheavychariots,andahundredthousand

mail-cladsoldiers,withprovisionsenoughtocarrythem

athousandli,theexpenditureathomeandatthefront,

includingentertainmentofguests,smallitemssuchas

glueandpaint,andsumsspentonchariotsandarmor,

willreachthetotalofathousandouncesofsilverperday.

Suchisthecostofraisinganarmyof100,000men.

2.Whenyouengageinactualfighting,ifvictory

islongincoming,thenmen'sweaponswillgrowdulland

theirardorwillbedamped.Ifyoulaysiegetoatown,

youwillexhaustyourstrength.

3.Again,ifthecampaignisprotracted,theresources

oftheStatewillnotbeequaltothestrain.

4.Now,whenyourweaponsaredulled,yourardordamped,

yourstrengthexhaustedandyourtreasurespent,

otherchieftainswillspringuptotakeadvantage

ofyourextremity.Thennoman,howeverwise,

willbeabletoaverttheconsequencesthatmustensue.

5.Thus,thoughwehaveheardofstupidhasteinwar,

clevernesshasneverbeenseenassociatedwithlongdelays.

6.Thereisnoinstanceofacountryhavingbenefited

fromprolongedwarfare.

7.Itisonlyonewhoisthoroughlyacquainted

withtheevilsofwarthatcanthoroughlyunderstand

theprofitablewayofcarryingiton.

8.Theskillfulsoldierdoesnotraiseasecondlevy,

neitherarehissupply-wagonsloadedmorethantwice.

9.Bringwarmaterialwithyoufromhome,butforage

ontheenemy.Thusthearmywillhavefoodenough

foritsneeds.

10.PovertyoftheStateexchequercausesanarmy

tobemaintainedbycontributionsfromadistance.

Contributingtomaintainanarmyatadistancecauses

thepeopletobeimpoverished.

11.Ontheotherhand,theproximityofanarmycauses

pricestogoup;andhighpricescausethepeople's

substancetobedrainedaway.

12.Whentheirsubstanceisdrainedaway,thepeasantry

willbeafflictedbyheavyexactions.

13,14.Withthislossofsubstanceandexhaustion

ofstrength,thehomesofthepeoplewillbestrippedbare,

andthree-tenthsoftheirincomewillbedissipated;

whilegovernmentexpensesforbrokenchariots,worn-outhorses,

breast-platesandhelmets,bowsandarrows,spearsandshields,

protectivemantles,draught-oxenandheavywagons,

willamounttofour-tenthsofitstotalrevenue.

15.Henceawisegeneralmakesapointofforaging

ontheenemy.Onecartloadoftheenemy'sprovisions

isequivalenttotwentyofone'sown,andlikewise

asinglepiculofhisprovenderisequivalenttotwenty

fromone'sownstore.

16.Nowinordertokilltheenemy,ourmenmust

berousedtoanger;thattheremaybeadvantagefrom

defeatingtheenemy,theymusthavetheirrewards.

17.Thereforeinchariotfighting,whentenormorechariots

havebeentaken,thoseshouldberewardedwhotookthefirst.

Ourownflagsshouldbesubstitutedforthoseoftheenemy,

andthechariotsmingledandusedinconjunctionwithours.

Thecapturedsoldiersshouldbekindlytreatedandkept.

18.Thisiscalled,usingtheconqueredfoetoaugment

one'sownstrength.

19.Inwar,then,letyourgreatobjectbevictory,

notlengthycampaigns.

20.Thusitmaybeknownthattheleaderofarmies

isthearbiterofthepeople'sfate,themanonwhomit

dependswhetherthenationshallbeinpeaceorinperil.

III.ATTACKBYSTRATAGEM

1.SunTzusaid:

Inthepracticalartofwar,thebest

thingofallistotaketheenemy'scountrywholeandintact;

toshatteranddestroyitisnotsogood.So,too,itis

bettertorecaptureanarmyentirethantodestroyit,

tocapturearegiment,adetachmentoracompanyentire

thantodestroythem.

2.Hencetofightandconquerinallyourbattles

isnotsupremeexcellence;supremeexcellenceconsists

inbreakingtheenemy'sresistancewithoutfighting.

3.Thusthehighestformofgeneralshipisto

balktheenemy'splans;thenextbestistoprevent

thejunctionoftheenemy'sforces;thenextin

orderistoattacktheenemy'sarmyinthefield;

andtheworstpolicyofallistobesiegewalledcities.

4.Theruleis,nottobesiegewalledcitiesifit

canpossiblybeavoided.Thepreparationofmantlets,

movableshelters,andvariousimplementsofwar,willtake

upthreewholemonths;andthepilingupofmoundsover

againstthewallswilltakethreemonthsmore.

5.Thegeneral,unabletocontrolhisirritation,

willlaunchhismentotheassaultlikeswarmingants,

withtheresultthatone-thirdofhismenareslain,

whilethetownstillremainsuntaken.Sucharethedisastrous

effectsofasiege.

6.Thereforetheskillfulleadersubduestheenemy's

troopswithoutanyfighting;hecapturestheircities

withoutlayingsiegetothem;heoverthrowstheirkingdom

withoutlengthyoperationsinthefield.

7.Withhisforcesintacthewilldisputethemastery

oftheEmpire,andthus,withoutlosingaman,histriumph

willbecomplete.Thisisthemethodofattackingbystratagem.

8.Itistheruleinwar,ifourforcesareten

totheenemy'sone,tosurroundhim;iffivetoone,

toattackhim;iftwiceasnumerous,todivideourarmy

intotwo.

9.Ifequallymatched,wecanofferbattle;

ifslightlyinferiorinnumbers,wecanavoidtheenemy;

ifquiteunequalineveryway,wecanfleefromhim.

10.Hence,thoughanobstinatefightmaybemade

byasmallforce,intheenditmustbecaptured

bythelargerforce.

11.NowthegeneralisthebulwarkoftheState;

ifthebulwarkiscompleteatallpoints;theStatewill

bestrong;ifthebulwarkisdefective,theStatewill

beweak.

12.Therearethreewaysinwhicharulercanbring

misfortuneuponhisarmy:

--

13.

（1）Bycommandingthearmytoadvanceortoretreat,

beingignorantofthefactthatitcannotobey.

Thisiscalledhobblingthearmy.

14.

（2）Byattemptingtogovernanarmyinthe

samewayasheadministersakingdom,beingignorant

oftheconditionswhichobtaininanarmy.Thiscauses

restlessnessinthesoldier'smin