0104考研词汇.docx

0104考研词汇.docx

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0104考研词汇

2004年试题

SectionⅠUseofEnglish

Directions：

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmark［A］,［B］,［C］or［D］onANSWERSHEET1.（10points）

Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquency（crimescommittedbyyoungpeople）focuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories1ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior2theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough3withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin4totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus,5asarejectionofmiddleclassvalues.

Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies,6thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes7lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheories,however,aretentativeandare8tocriticism.

Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly9juvenilecrimerates.Forexample,changesintheeconomythat10tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment11makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin12leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior.

Familieshavealso13changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;14，childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome15wascommoninthetraditionalfamily16.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other17causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschool,theincreased18ofdrugsandalcohol,andthegrowing19ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,20adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.

1.［A］acting［B］relying［C］centering［D］commenting

2.［A］before［B］unless［C］until［D］because

3.［A］interaction［B］assimilation［C］cooperation［D］consultation

4.［A］return［B］reply［C］reference［D］response

5.［A］or［B］butrather［C］but［D］orelse

6.［A］considering［B］ignoring［C］highlighting［D］discarding

7.［A］on［B］in［C］for［D］with

8.［A］immune［B］resistant［C］sensitive［D］subject

9.［A］affect［B］reduce［C］check［D］reflect

10.［A］point［B］lead［C］come［D］amount

11.［A］ingeneral［B］onaverage［C］bycontrast［D］atlength

12.［A］case［B］short［C］turn［D］essence

13.［A］survived［B］noticed［C］undertaken［D］experienced

14.［A］contrarily［B］consequently［C］similarly［D］simultaneously

15.［A］than［B］that［C］which［D］as

16.［A］system［B］structure［C］concept［D］heritage

17.［A］assessable［B］identifiable［C］negligible［D］incredible

18.［A］expense［B］restriction［C］allocation［D］availability

19.［A］incidence［B］awareness［C］exposure［D］popularity

20.［A］provided［B］since［C］although［D］supposing

SectionⅡReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing［A］,［B］,［C］or［D］.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）

Huntingforajoblatelastyear,lawyerGantRedmonstumbledacrossCareerBuilder,ajobdatabaseontheInternet.Hesearcheditwithnosuccessbutwasattractedbythesite’s“personalsearchagent”.It’saninteractivefeaturethatletsvisitorskeyinjobcriteriasuchaslocation,title,andsalary,thenEmailsthemwhenamatchingpositionispostedinthedatabase.Redmonchosethekeywordslegal,intellectualpropertyandWashington,D.C.Threeweekslater,hegothisfirstnotificationofanopening.“Istruckgold,”saysRedmon,whoEmailedhisresumetotheemployerandwonapositionasinhousecounselforacompany.

WiththousandsofcareerrelatedsitesontheInternet,findingpromisingopeningscanbetimeconsumingandinefficient.Searchagentsreducetheneedforrepeatedvisitstothedatabases.ButalthoughasearchagentworkedforRedmon,careerexpertsseedrawbacks.Narrowingyourcriteria,forexample,mayworkagainstyou:

“Everytimeyouansweraquestionyoueliminateapossibility,”saysoneexpert.

Foranyjobsearch,youshouldstartwithanarrowconcept—whatyouthinkyouwanttodo—thenbroadenit.“Noneoftheseprogramsdothat,”saysanotherexpert.“There’snocareercounselingimplicitinallofthis.”Instead,thebeststrategyistousetheagentasakindoftipservicetokeepabreastofjobsinaparticulardatabase;whenyougetEmail,consideritaremindertocheckthedatabaseagain.“Iwouldnotrelyonagentsforfindingeverythingthatisaddedtoadatabasethatmightinterestme,”saystheauthorofajobsearchingguide.

Somesitesdesigntheiragentstotemptjobhunterstoreturn.WhenCareerSite’sagentsendsoutmessagestothosewhohavesignedupforitsservice,forexample,itincludesonlythreepotentialjobs—thoseitconsidersthebestmatches.Theremaybemorematchesinthedatabase;jobhunterswillhavetovisitthesiteagaintofindthem—andtheydo.“Onthedayafterwesendourmessages,weseeasharpincreaseinourtraffic,”saysSethPeets,vicepresidentofmarketingforCareerSite.

Eventhosewhoaren’thuntingforjobsmayfindsearchagentsworthwhile.Someusethemtokeepaclosewatchonthedemandfortheirlineofworkorgatherinformationoncompensationtoarmthemselveswhennegotiatingforaraise.Althoughhappilyemployed,RedmonmaintainshisagentatCareerBuilder.“Youalwayskeepyoureyesopen,”hesays.Workingwithapersonalsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou.

21.HowdidRedmonfindhisjob?

［A］Bysearchingopeningsinajobdatabase.［B］Bypostingamatchingpositioninadatabase.

［C］Byusingaspecialserviceofadatabase.［D］ByEmailinghisresumetoadatabase.

22.Whichofthefollowingcanbeadisadvantageofsearchagents?

［A］Lackofcounseling.［B］Limitednumberofvisits.

［C］Lowerefficiency.［D］Fewersuccessfulmatches.

23.Theexpression“tipservice”（Line3-4,Paragraph3）mostprobablymeans.

［A］advisory［B］compensation

［C］interaction［D］reminder

24.WhydoesCareerSite’sagentoffereachjobhunteronlythreejoboptions?

［A］Tofocusonbetterjobmatches.［B］Toattractmorereturningvisits.

［C］Toreservespaceformoremessages.［D］Toincreasetherateofsuccess.

25.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?

［A］Personalsearchagentsareindispensabletojobhunters.

［B］SomesiteskeepEmailingjobseekerstotracetheirdemands.

［C］Personalsearchagentsarealsohelpfultothosealreadyemployed.

［D］Someagentsstopsendinginformationtopeopleoncetheyareemployed.

Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:

alphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.

IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoёZysman.Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.

ThustheAmericanpresidentandvicepresidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush’spredecessors（includinghisfather）hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged（Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChrétienandKoizumi）.Theworld’sthreetopcentralbankers（Greenspan,DuisenbergandHayami）areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld’sfiverichestmen（Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht）.

Canthismerelybecoincidence?

Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.SoshortsightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.

Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:

alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.

26.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiaccars?

［A］Akindofoverlookedinequality.［B］Atypeofconspicuousbias.

［C］Atypeofpersonalprejudice.［D］Akindofbranddiscrimination.

27.Whatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeparagraphs?

［A］InbothEastandWest,namesareessentialtosuccess.

［B］ThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoёZysman.

［C］Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies’names.

［D］Someformofdiscriminationistoosubtletorecognize.

28.The4thparagraphsuggeststhat.

［A］questionsareoftenputtothemoreintelligentstudents

［B］alphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefromc