研究生综合英语2期末论文范例1则.docx

研究生综合英语2期末论文范例1则.docx

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研究生综合英语2期末论文范例1则

研究生综合英语

（2）2014-2015学年第二学期期末论文

题目ContrastiveAnalysisonInterculturalBusinessCommunicationbetweenChinaandAmerica

学号专业姓名

分数：

________

评语：

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2015年7月10日

中美跨文化商务交流比较分析

XXX

（XX大学XXX，XX，XX）

摘要：

本文从六个方面对中美跨文化商务交际作对比分析，如过去和未来时间取向、个人主义和集体主义、高语境和低语境文化模式、大权距和小权距、对不确定强或弱的回避性、以及多元时间模式和单一时间模式。

虽然这六个方面只能反映中美跨文化商务交际差异的个别方面，但本文通过讨论这五个方面的差异对商务谈判、商务礼仪等所造成的影响，使人们充分认识到这种差异的重要性。

最后，在分析的基础上提出相应的应对策略和建议。

关键词：

跨文化交际；商务交际；比较分析

ContrastiveAnalysisonInterculturalBusinessCommunicationbetweenChinaandAmerica

XX

（XX）

ThispapermakesacomparativeanalysisoninterculturalbusinesscommunicationbetweenChinaandAmericafromtheaspectsofpastorfutureorientation,individualismorcollectivism,highorlowcontextcommunicationcultures，largepowerdistanceorsmallpowerdistance,strongorweakuncertaintyavoidanceandmonochronicorpolychronictime.Althoughthesesixpointscanonlyreflectthetipoftheicebergconcerningthedifferencesincross-culturalbusinesscommunication,wehopetomakepeoplefullyawareofthesignificanceofthesedifferencesbyresearchingtheimpactsonbusinessnegotiation,businessetiquetteandsomeother.Finally,weputforwardthecorrespondingcountermeasuresandsomesuggestionstocopewiththesedifferencesbasedontheanalysisabove.

KeyWords:

InterculturalCommunication;BusinessCommunication;comparativeanalysis

1.Introduction

Thecross-culturebusinessnegotiation,alsocalledthecross-culturalbusinesscommunicationisanegotiationprocessparticipatedbytwoormorenegotiatorsofdifferentculturalbackgrounds,inwhichbothsidesachievetheagreementthroughcommunicationandnegotiation.Therefore,inordertotaketheinitiativeintheChina-UScross-culturalbusinessnegotiationandachievethesuccess,youmustunderstandtheculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates,tryingtoreducemisunderstandingsandfrictionsintheprocessandavoidthefailureofthebusinessnegotiation.

Also,thetrendofeconomicglobalizationandinformationagewhichhasbeentalkedalotinrecentyearshasgreatlychangedpeople'slifestyleandmeansofcommunication.Owningtothesechanges,thetimeanddistanceofbusinesscooperationamongpeopleindifferentregionsorcountrieshavebeenevidentlyreducedwhichinreturnsuccessfullypromotestheefficientofbusinessandleap-forwarddevelopmentofglobalization.Meanwhileinterculturalbusinesscommunicationgainsmoreandmorewidespreadattentionaspeoplecometorealizethathowtostartbusinesswithapartnerofdifferentculturalbackgroundandhowtosolvethecommunicationbarrierscausedbyculturaldifferenceswillplayakeyroleinfuturebusiness.

ThispapermainlyaimstoanalyzethedifferenceininterculturalbusinesscommunicationbetweenChinaandAmericanandmainlyfocusonsixtopicsjustasmentionedintheabstract.Generally,itcanbedividedintosixparts.FirstI’dliketostartwiththedefinitionofcommunication,businesscommunicationandinterculturalbusinesscommunication.

Onlybyfirstgraspthenatureofwhatwediscuss,canwefurtherunderstanditsperformanceandinfluence.Afterwards,Iwillhaveanin-depthanddetailedanalysistothesixaspectsbyexploringitsdifferenceinperformanceandimpactonbusinesscommunication.Attheendofthepaper,Iwillputforwardthecorrespondingcountermeasuresandsomesuggestionstocopewiththesedifferencesbasedontheanalysisabove.

2.LiteratureReview

2.1ResearchesabouttheCommunication

Withtheprogressiveaccelerationofglobalizationintheworld,thestudyofinterculturalcommunicationisaccordinglyflourishingdaybydayonbothdomesticandinternationallevels（YanhongHu&WeiweiFan,2011）.

WecanfindthedefinitionfromBaiduEncyclopedia“Communicationisaprocessofinformationexchange”，also，Wikipediaexplains“Communicationisaprocessoftransferringinformationfromoneentitytoanother”.Communicationrelatestotripartiterelationship,thesendersendsinformationtothereceiverandthereceiverresponses.Fromthisaspectweknowthattheroleofsenderandreceiverischangeable.AnotherdefinitioncomesfromAssociationforCommunicationAdministration;itfocusesonhowpeopleusemessagestogeneratemeaningswithinandacross variouscontexts,cultures,channels,andmedia.Thisdefinitionincludesthemeaningofinformationexchangingamongpeoplefromdifferentcultures.

AsYenerKeles（2013）summarizedinhisthesis,peoplewillencounterindividualsfromdifferentraces,religions,andnationalitiesintheirdaytodayencountersastheworldisturningintoaglobalvillage.Thedistinctivefeatureoflanguageisthatwordscarrymeanings,whichwelearninitiallythroughsocializationandeducation.Communicationthroughlanguagedependsuponthesemeaningsbeingsheared（RazvanDinica,2014）.

2.2ResearchesaboutInterculturalCommunication

Therearemanyresearchersandacademicsproposingdifferentdefinitionsofinterculturalcommunication.ForexampleKarlfriedKnappdefineditasinteractionbetweenmembersofdifferentgroups,whichdifferfromeachotherinrespectoftheknowledgesharedbytheirmembersandtheirlinguisticformsofbehavior.RuobingChi&DanielSuthers（2015）exploreassessmentofinterculturalcommunicationcompetence（ICC）fromarelationalperspectiveusingsocialnetworkanalysis.Interculturalconflictsalwaysoccurinacertaincontext.AsTing-Toomey&Oetze（2014）says,"Interculturalconflictoftenstartswithdifferentexpectationsconcerningappropriateorinappropriateconflictbehaviorinaconflictscene."WeshouldstudythesedifferentexpectationsoftheCooperativePrincipleandthePolitenessPrinciplebetweentheChineseandAmericanculturesincertaincontexts,andfurthermore,toexplainthesedifferencesbyanalyzingtheculturaldimensions（JuYane,2008,p.16）.

Ontheotherhand,itismostlyreferstoanacademicfieldofstudyorresearchandinreturnthoseacademicresultsarethenappliedtoreallifesolutions.Thus,educatorshavesomenewideas.Wang（2011）addsthatstudentsshouldbeencouragedtoexplorethenatureofreasonsfordifference,suchasthedifferentoriginsofWesternculture,adifferentmodeofthinking,normsandvalues.However,eventhoughthephenomenonofinterculturalcommunicationisasoldashumansociety,t​​hestudyofinterculturalcommunicationasasubjectisfairlyashorthistorywhichstartedintheU.S.fromearly1950sand80sinChina.Therefore,thereisstillalongwaytogoconcerningtheresearchesinthisfield.

2.3ResearchesaboutInterculturalBusinessCommunication

Inrecentyears,manyscholarshavestudieddifferentaspectsofinterculturalbusinesscommunication.Forexample,MarcelPikhart（2014）dealswithnewrolesofcommunicationintheglobalbusinessenvironmentwhichisincreasinglybecominginterculturalandbeinginterculturalwhendoingbusinessglobally.Companieshavetofacetherealityofinterculturalenvironmentwhichbringsbothadvantagesanddrawbacks.Firmlybelievingthatcultureaffectscommunicationandcommunicationaffectsculture,AmericananthropologistEdwardHallwroteabookSilentLanguagein1959.Thisisthefirstbookincross-culturalcommunicationfieldandHallistakenasthefounderofthisfield.

BusinessCommunicationreferstopurposefulexchangeofinformationandresources,mutualsupportandcontactbetweentwoormorepartiestopromotemutuallybeneficialrelationshipforpersonalandbusinesssuccess（Liu,2007）.Meanwhile;Cui（2007）definedinterculturalbusinesscommunicationasexchangesamongbusinessindividualsorsocialgroupswithdifferentculturalbackgroundsinordertoachieveexchangeofeconomicorbusinessinformation.

Culturaldifferencesarestudiedbymanyscholarsandtherealreadyexistmanydimensionsortoolstomeasurethedifferencesamongvariouscultures.Forexample,GeertHofstede（1980）offersfourdimensions:

（a）individualism,（b）powerdistance,（c）uncertaintyavoidance（d）masculinity.Later,EdwardHall（1966）provideanothertoolforassessingculturaldifference,thatis,high-contextcultureversuslow-contextCulture.Itdistinguishesamongculturesonthebasisoftheroleofcontextincommunication.ThefollowingTable1presentsasegmentofthepercentileranksforHofstede'sculturaldimensionsrelatedtoChinaandtheUnitedStates.

Table1:

PercentileRanksforHofstede'sCulturalDimensionsfortheUnitedStatedandChinabyCulturalCluster（100=Highest,50=Middle）

Country

Uncertainty

Avoidance

Individualism

Power

Distance

Masculinity

Long-TermOrientation

UnitedState

21

100

30

74

35

China

44

39

89

54

100

Source:

AdaptedfromHofstede,Geert,（1991）,CulturesandOrganizations:

SoftwareoftheMind.London:

McGrawHill

BesidesanalyzingtheChinesecultureaccordingtotheabovedimensionsorassessingtools,YuxinJia（2003）studiesthedifferentthinkingmodelsbetweentheChineseandwesterncultures.Basedonmanypreviousstudiesonculturaldifferences,webrieflyintroduceseveraldifferencesbetweentheChineseandtheAmericancultures.

Moreover,Samovar,Porter&Stefani（2005）arguethemostimportantdifferencebetweentheU.S.andChinaliesinculturaldifference