句型简单句复杂句.docx
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句法 2
简单句simplesentence 2
l英语六种基本句型:
2
1:
S+V 2
2:
S+V+P 2
3:
S+V+DO 2
4:
S+V+IO+DO 2
5:
S+V+DO+OC 3
6:
Therebe 3
复杂句complexsentence 3
l并列复杂句 3
l从属复杂句 3
名词性从句 4
主语从句 4
宾语从句 4
表语从句 5
同位语从句 6
形容词性从句 6
定语从句 6
l限定性定语从句 7
l非限定性定语从句 7
副词性从句 8
状语从句 8
l时间状语从句(时间状语) 9
l条件状语从句(用if/unless引导的状语从句) 9
l地点状语从句(where) 9
l原因状语从句(because,since,as) 9
l让步状语从句(though,although,eventhough,nomatterwhat) 9
l比较状语从句(than,as...as) 10
l目的状语从句(that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incase) 10
句法
句型分类
简单句simplesentence
-只有一个主语和一个谓语(Ileft.)
l英语六种基本句型:
1:
S+V
(主语subject+谓语predicate)
2:
S+V+P
(主语subject+系动词linkverb+表语predicative)
3:
S+V+DO
(主语subject+谓语predicate+宾语object)
4:
S+V+IO+DO
(主语subject+谓语predicate+间接宾语indirecto+直接宾语directo)
5:
S+V+DO+OC
(主语subject+谓语predicate+宾语+宾补objectcomplement)
6:
Therebe
Therebe
“有”,There是引导词,无意义,Therebe后面的名词是句子的主语,属于倒装结构,表示某处有某人/某物。
There+be+主语
Thereisacupofwateronthetable.
与have的区别
Therebe表示客观存在,have表示单纯的拥有。
Therearethreecarsintheparkinglot.
Hehasthreecarsinhisownparkinglot.
Therebe的就近一致原则
Thereisagayandthreegirlsintheclassroom.
Therearethreegirlsandaboyintheclassroom.
Therearesomewherebetween45,000to100,000ofthemlivinginthecountrieslikeZambiaandZimbabwe.
ForthecenturybeforeJohnson’sDictionarywaspublishedin1775,therehadbeenconcernaboutthestateoftheEnglishlanguage.
v2:
S+V+P(主语subject+系动词linkverb+表语predicative)
Youarecute.
v3:
S+V+DO(主语+谓语+宾语object)
Iloveyou.
复杂句complexsentence
-不止一个主语和一个谓语
并列复杂句
有并列连词:
and/or/but
从属复杂句
由一个主句(principalclause)和一个或一个以上的从句(subordinateclause)构成。
什么是从句(subordinateclause)?
从句是复杂句不能独立成句,由that/who/whom/when/why/where/how/which等引导词(connective)引导的非主句部分。
从句的类型
名词性从句:
❶主语从句❷宾语从句❸表语从句❹同位语从句
形容词性从句:
定语从句
副词性从句:
状语从句
²从句三要素:
必须有连接词必须是陈述句不能单独使用
名词性从句
主语从句
-在复杂句中充当主语成分的句子叫主语从句
²不受主句时态影响
²系动词是单数is
²谓语动词是第三人称单数
²陈述语序
Eg.ThatIhavehadsomanyfriendsisamazing.
陈述句用that
Thathemarriedagirlinsuchashorttimesurprisesusall.
特殊疑问句用特殊疑问词
Whenhewillcomeoutoftheclosethasn’tbeendecided.
Whyheisn’thereisnotcleartoeveryone.
主语从句&形式主语
ThatIhavehadsomanyfriendsisamazing.
ItisamazingthatIhavesomanyfriends.
lIthadbeenestimatedthatupto50%ofpeopleinthedevelopedworldareoverweightand20%oftheseareobese.
宾语从句
-在复合句中充当宾语成分的句子叫做宾语从句
Heknowswherethebaris.
Idon’tknowwhenhewillcome.
AsPeterDerksays:
‘Ifwecanfigureouthowthemindprocesseshumour,thewe’llhaveaprettygoodhandleonhowitworksingeneral’.
名词:
Milgram谓语动词:
told宾语:
ATELLBTODOSTH
Milgramtoldeachvolunteer‘teacher-subject’thattheexperimentwasinthenoblecauseofeducation,andexperimentwasdesignedtotestwhetherornotpunishingpupilsfortheirmistakeswouldhaveapositiveeffectonthepupils’abilitytolearn.
Thegrowinginternationalimportanceofathleticsmeansthatgiftedathletescanberecognisedatyoungerage.
Itisalsoacceptedthatthisrightgeneratesanobligationordutyforthestatetoensurethatadequatehealth-careresourcesareprovidedoutofthepublicpurse.
形式宾语it
宾语从句&形式宾语
如果宾语从句后有宾语补足语,要用形式宾语it,而将从句放到补足语后面。
Itisluckytodatewithyou.
Iknowitluckytodatewithyou.
S+V+it+adj./n./done+thatclause
Ithoughtitstrangethathemarriedher.
1.S+V+it+adj./of(for)sb.+todosth.
Ifounditimpossibleformetofindagirlfriend.
2.S+V+it+adj./n./done+thatclause
Iconsidereditamazingthathelefthisgirlfriend.
3.S+V+it+nouse/good/worth+doingsth
Think/find/consider/make
Idon’tthinkitworthwhiletakingsomuchtroubletodothis.
4.S+V+it+when/if
Love,like,enjoy,hate,appreciate
表语从句
-表语从句是一个句子作为表语成分,说明主语。
Eg.Theproblemiswhenhecanfinishit.
OneinterestingcorrelationMantonuncoveredisthatbetter-educatedpeoplearelikelytolivelonger.
Theconventionalpictureisthattensofthousandsofslavesdraggedstonesonsledges.
同位语从句
同位语-
在句子中前后两词(组,句)所指意思相同,句法功能相同,这种结构叫同位结构,前面是同位词,后面是同位语。
MyboyfriendHooverworksinhere.
Webotharelecturer.
Helikeshisjob,writingessays.
Accordingtohisbiographer,JamesBoswell.
同位语从句
-在复杂句充当同位语的名词性从句是同位语从句。
Theyareinvestigatingthequestionwhetherheisamurder.
常见同位名词中心词
Fact/news/idea/hope/report/opinion/order/question/problem/truth/theory/decision/discovery/conclusion/promise/rumour/possibility/answer/belief,etc.
同位语从句种类:
限制性同位语从句:
紧跟同位名词
非限制性同位语从句:
有逗号或者破折号与中心词分开
Thenewsthatheintendedtocomegaveusmuchpleasure.
Thehardtruth,thathecameoutofthecloset,wasagreatshocktoherparents.
形容词性从句
定语
定语修饰名词:
定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。
可以作定语成分的有:
形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式、(短语)、分词、从句
出现位置:
紧跟名词前后
Ilovebeautifulyou.
定语从句
-在复杂句中作定语,修饰限定一个主语/宾语、表语的名词或代词的句子叫做定语从句,被修饰叫做先行词,由关系代词引出。
Idon’tliketheboywhoisstraight.
ThemanthatIspoketoisHoover.
种类
l限定性定语从句
用来限定先行词的范围
Ilikeamanwhoisrich.
l非限定性定语从句
对于先行词的一个进一步解释
Ilikeaman,whoisrich.
Tips:
(1.进行时态的定语从句可以省略关系代词和be动词,仅仅用现在分词。
Therearethenations(whichare)feedingbillionsofpeople.
(2.被动语态的定语从句,可以省略关系代词和be动词,仅仅用过去分词。
Thecamera(whichwas)orderedlastweekhadnotarrivedyet.
区分同位语从句和定语从句
1.同位语:
具体内容描述,定语:
限定修饰
-Thenewsthatheisgayistrue.
-Thenewsthatthegirltoldmeistrue.
2.What/how/whether/is是同位语从句
Who翻译为谁,which翻译成哪一个,是同位语从句,否则是定语从句。
Eg.Ihaveaquestionwhetheryouareagay?
Eg.I’msureheisthegaywhoyouwillbegladtogetacquainted.
3.that是否在句子做成分,充当是定从,不充当是同位从。
从句结构完整是同位从,不完整是定从。
Acompanythatstatestheirproductisthe‘safest’or‘cheapest’needstoshowproof,becausetheseclaimscandirectlyaffecttheircompetitors.
Statementslikethese,thatnoonecanprove,arecalledpuffery.
Somechildrenexpressedtheideathattheconservationofrainforestsisnotimportant.
Themostfrequentresponsestothefirstquestionweredescriptionswhichareself-evidentfromtheterm‘rainforest’.
IntheNativeAmericanNavajonation,whichsprawlsacrossfourstatesintheAmericansouth-west,thenativelanguageisdying.
Theyhavedevelopedahit-listofourmainfears:
thatnaturalresourcesarerunningout;thatthepopulationisevergrowing,leavinglessandlesstoeat;thatspeciesarebecomingextinctinvastnumbers,andthatplanet’sairandwaterarebecomingevermorepolluted.
Platoexpresstheideathathomourissimplyadelightedfeelingofsuperiorityoverothers.
KantandFreudfeltthatjoke-tellingreliesonbuildingupapsychictensionwhichissafelypuncturedbytheludicrousnessofpunchline.
Thefactthatjokestapintoourgeneralevaluativemachineryexplainswhythelinebetweenfunnyanddisgusting,orfunnyandfrightening,canbesofine.
Thesecondsetofmorespecificchangesthathaveledtothepresentconcernaboutthedistributionofhealth-careresourcesstemsfromthedramaticriseinhealthcostinmostOECDcountries,accompaniedbylarge-scaledemographicandsocialchangeswhichhavemeant,totakeoneexample,thatelderpeoplearenowmajorandrelativelyveryexpensiveconsumersofhealth-careresources.
副词性从句
状语
状语修饰动词:
状语用来说明动作的地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式、和伴随状况。
可以作状语成分的有:
副词、介词短语、分词(过去/现在分词等)和分词短语、不定式、从句
Igetupat7.
Herunsfast.
Iamtakingcoursesatschool.
Hecomesherebytrain.
状语从句
-在复合句做状语,起副词作用的句子叫状语从句,它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。
IwillcallyouwhenIarrivehome.
Theshowissoamazingthateveryoneapplauds.
种类
l时间状语从句(时间状语)
IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIcametoBeijing.
Eg.Thelatterprocedureisunavoidablewhenworkingonforeignlanguages,orchildspeech.
l条件状语从句(用if/unless引导的状语从句)
Youwillnotbeabletopassthetestunlessyoustarttostudyhard.
Eg.Ifyoustickoutyourtongueandlookinthemirror,youwillseethatitiscoveredwithtinybumps.
Thatwouldmatterlessifpeopleappliedthesamedegreeofskepticismtoenvironmentallobbyingastheydotolobbygroupsinotherfields.
l地点状语从句(where)
Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.
Eg.Daylengthisausefulcueforbreedinginareaswheretemperaturesareunpredictable.
l原因状语从句(because,since,as)
IamworkingreallyhardbecauseIlovethisjob.
l让步状语从句(though,although,eventhough,nomatterwhat)
AlthoughIamexhausted,Iamstilllearning.
Theywerenotallowedtoloiterdowntowninanicecreamstore,andwomen...althoughmenwereallowedoneeveningaweektotaketheirgirlfriendsoutiftheywenttochurchregularly.
Eventhoughthemantlerocksarekeptsolidbyoverlyingpressure,theycanstillslowly“flow”likethicktreacle.
用so...that或such...that引导的状语从句
HKTaresocoolthateverybodylovesthem.
l比较状语从句(than,as...as)
HeprogressesmuchfasterthanIcanimagine.
Theyarenotexpectedtoperformcaretakingdutiessuchas...,butneverthelesstheirjobsaremuchharderthantheywereinthe1900s.
Peopleareclearlymorecuriousaboutbadnewsthangood.
l目的状语从句(that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incase)
ImustdateasmanygayfriendsaspossiblesothatIcanhavemoreoptions.
TIPS
1.主将从现:
当时间状语从句和条件状语从句表示一般将来时的时候,从句中使用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
时间:
Wewillstartthepartywhenyouarrive.
条件:
Wewillnotstartthepartyunlessyouarrive.
2.条件状语从句含有假设意味,非真实条件句是虚拟语气的一种。
N.B.非真实条件句由if引导,时态多用一般过去时,过去完成时。
IfIcouldnotpassIELTStest,Iwouldcommitsuicide.