江苏大学学术论文写作9.docx

江苏大学学术论文写作9.docx

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江苏大学学术论文写作9

•钟Unit9.Acknowledgments,References,FootnotesandAppendixes（6学时）

9.1.SectionofAcknowledgments

“Thissectionisthemostinformalpartofyourthesis.Itallowsyoutothankeveryonewhohashelpedyouduringyourresearchproject:

yourlabmatesandsupervisor,parentsorpartner,friendswhocookedyoumealsandboughtyoudrinks.Youmayalsowishtoincludepeopleinyourlocalengineeringworkshop,administratorsorotherpeopleiftheyhavebeenhelpful.Itisagoodideatobegenerouswithyouracknowledgements:

thisistheonlybitofyourmanuscriptthateveryoneisgoingtoreadandpeoplerememberwhetherornottheywerementioned.

9.1.1GeneralFunctions

Inmostcases,thesectionofacknowledgmentsisthelastsectionofthebodyofapaper.Inrarecases,someoftheacknowledgmentsareputasfootnotestothetitleortoanauthor’sname.Astoathesisordissertationfordegrees,thesectionofacknowledgmentsisusuallyplacedpriortothebodyofthepaperonaseparatepage.However,nomatterwhereacknowledgmentsarelocated,theyallfunctiontoexpresstheauthor（s）appreciation.

Acknowledgment（s）ismainlyusedtoextendtheauthor（s）’sindebtednesstothehelpfulsupportorconcernfromhis（their）colleagues（orinstitutions）inofferinganyusefulmaterial,specimen,technicalknow-how,suggestions,oranyotherkindofenlightenment,etc.totheauthor（s）.

9.1.2LinguisticFeatures

9.1.2.1PatternizedContents

Thecontentlistedinthesectionofacknowledgmentsusuallyincludetwomajorparts:

gratitudestopersonalorinstitutionalassistance,andgratitudestofinancialsupportfromdifferentsources.Forinstance:

Acknowledgment

TheauthorisgratefultotheNaturalSciencesandEngineeringResearchCouncilofCanadaforitsfinancialsupportforthisproject.

Personalandinstitutionalassistancecanbetangibleandintangible.Theformermaybetheprovidingofspecimen,testingagents,materials,instruments,species,datacollecting,drawing,photographing,etc.,whilethelattermayberesearchdesign,technicalinstruction,resultanalysis,advice,discussions,suggestions,etc.Andtheorderoftheplacementhasbeencustomizedintermsofaddressees.Forexample,“thosewhomadegreatercontributionsfirst,thosewhomadelesscontributionssecond”,“individualsfirst,institutionssecond”,etc.Forexample:

Acknowledgement

TheauthorwishestoexpresshismostsincereappreciationtoProf.ZHENGYing,whoreadthemanuscriptcarefullyandgavevaluableadvice.TremendousthanksareowedtoMr.WuXing-hauandLiLan-huiforhelpinghimwiththechemicalanalysis.TheauthorisalsoindebtedtotheBeijingBeerFactoryforofferingsomesamples.

9.1.2.2FormalizedExpressions

Thereareasetoftermsandexpressionsusedinthesectionofacknowledgments.Forinstance:

...wishestoexpresshis（her）sincereappreciationto（somebody）...for

（somethingordoingsomething）

Theauthor（s）is（are）indebtedto...for...

...thank...for...

Wewishtoexpressourthanksto...

Thanksaredueto...for...

...gratefullyacknowledgeto...for...

Thanksgoto...for...

Thisworkwassupportedinpartby...

Supportby...isgratefullyacknowledged.

Wehavealsobenefitedfrom...

Acknowledgmentsaremadeto...for...

Thisinvestigationreceivedfinancialassistancefrom...

Theaboveresearchwasmadepossiblebyagrantfrom...

9.1.3WritingRequirements

9.1.3.1BeingSpecific

Notalltypesofacknowledgmentsareappropriatetoaformalpaper.Ingeneral,acknowledgmentsshouldonlybeforanydirecthelpinwritingorresearch.Financialsupportfortheworkdone,orhelpfromanauthor,orfromthelaboratorywheretheworkwasperformedshouldbestbeacknowledgedhereinfootnotestothetitleortoanauthor’sname.Thus,thehelp,assistance,support,etc.oftheaddresseeshouldbespecified,andtheaffiliationofthosewhoreceivetheauthor’sthanksshouldbeincludedaswell.

9.1.3.2AvoidingUnder-orOver-Statements

Thewordingandtheexpressionsusedinanacknowledgmentshouldbeappropriate.Neitherunderstatementnoroverstatementisadvised.Also,itisnotadvisabletomentiontoomanypersonswhohavemadeinsignificantorverygeneralhelptotheresearch.Acknowledgmentstotypistsorillustrators,forexample,arediscouraged;soareacknowledgmentstoanonymousreferees.

9.1.3.3AskingforPermission

Inprinciple,theaddresseeoftheacknowledgmentshouldbenotifiedbeforehand.Nomatterhowwelltheaddresserwouldwriteforanaddressee,theappreciationitselfandtheexpressionstobepublishedinthesectionofacknowledgmentsshouldbeacceptedandpermittedbytheaddressee.

Inaddition,variousasthetypesofacknowledgmentsmaybe,itisrecommendednottomakethenamelisttoolongunlessitisreallyinneed.

9.1.4Samples

9.1.4.1Thankstofunds,financialaid

WearegratefultothedonorsoftheNationalScienceFoundationforgeneroussupportofourresearch.

FinancialsupportbytheSANDOZAGisgratefullyacknowledged.

ThisresearchwassupportedbygrantsfromtheNationalInstituteofHealth（GM26782）andthe

NationalCancerInstitute（CA-29847）.

WethanktheNationalScienceFoundation（CHE82-05934）forthefinancialsupportofthis

investigation.

9.1.4.2Thankyouforfreeuseoftheapparatus

WearegratefultoProfessorsDanheiser,Masamune,andSharplessforuseoftheircapillaryGC

facilities.

WearethankfultoProf.W.VyvermanforuseoftheirmicroscopeandDr.K.Vanhoutteforhis

guidancewhileusingtheapparatus.

9.1.4.3Thankstofreedrugs

TheauthorsthankBeohringerIngelheimGmbH（Germany）foragenerousgiftoftrimethylene

carbonate.

9.1.4.4Thankyoufordiscussion,suggestions,help

Wewouldliketothank…forfruitfuldiscussions.Theexcellenttechnicalassistanceof..is

gratefullyacknowledged.

SpecialthanksareduetoDrs.…fortheirtechnicalassistance.

Manythankstoallthosewhowereinvolvedinthiswork,withparticulargratitudetoDr….for…,

Dr….for…,andDr.…for….

Thanksalsoto…forgenerousadviceandhelp.

9.2SectionofReferences

9.2.1WorksCited,References,andBibliography-What'stheDifference?

9.2.1.1WhyReference?

Anypieceofscientificwriting,whetheritisajournalarticlethatpresentsimportantnewresultsorafirstyearessay,hastobeproperlyreferencedbecausethereadermustbeabletochecktheoriginalsourcesofanyideasorfindingsthatyouhaveused.

9.2.1.2WhattoReference

Strictlyspeaking,youshouldreferenceanyinformationyouhaveusedthatisinthepublicomain-thatcanbefoundandreadbyyourreaders;thisincludesotherdissertationsandtheses,yourownpublishedwork,andconferenceproceedings.Inpracticeyoudonotneedtoreferencestatementsofgeneralknowledge（‘theearthisround’）butyoudoneedtoreferenceinformationwhichisnotyetgenerallyacceptedorknown（‘coresamplesfromtheUniversityofWestCheamcontainextra-terrestrialrocks（McInroyetal.,1998）’）.Ifyouhaveusedanyinformationfromyourownpublicationsthenremembertoreferencetheseaswell.Youshouldalsoreferencemethodsyouhaveused,includingcomputerprograms.

9.2.1.3WhattoCite

Giveacitationinyourtexteverytimeyoumakeuseofareference.Youcanciteinformationforwhichnowrittenreferenceexists,forexampleaconversationorseminartalk,butavoidthisifpossiblebecausethereaderhasnowayofcheckingyourinformation.Ifyouciteworkthatisnotinthepublicdomainmakesureyouhaveanyappropriatepermissionbeforedoingso.WorksCitedissometimesreferredtoasReferences.Thetermsmeanthesamething.Eachisanalphabeticallistofworkscited,orworkstowhichyouhavemadereference.WorksCitedisgenerallyusedwhencitingsourcesusingMLA（ModernLanguageAssociation）style,whilethetitleReferencesisusedwhencitingsourcesusingAPA（AmericanPsychologicalAssociation）style.

9.2.1.4HowManyReferencesandHowOld?

Therearenorulesastohowmanyreferencesathesisordissertationshouldcontain,aslongasthereadercanseewhereyourinformationcomesfrom.Afirstyearreportmayciteonly20orsoreferences,whileattheupperendofthescale,awellreferencedlifesciencesPhDthesiscancitetwoorthreehundredpapers;askyoursupervisortocheckthatyouhaveenoughreferences.Scienceisveryfastmovingandyoushouldensurethatyourreferencesareup-to-date.Ifyourmostrecentreferenceisfiveyearsoldthisisaclearsigntotheexaminersthatyouhavenotbeenkeepingupwithyourfieldandareunlikelytohaveagoodbackgroundknowledge,oreventobeparticularlyinterestedinyourresearch.Makeapointofcheckingyouhaveincludedthemostup-to-daterelevantreferencesyoucan.

9.2.1.5WorksCited,References,andBibliography-What'stheDifference?

WorksCitedandBibliographyarenotthesame.InWorksCitedyouonlylistitemsyouhaveactuallycited.InaBibliographyyoulistallofthematerialyouhaveconsultedinpreparingyouressaywhetherornotyouhaveactuallycitedthework.

EntriesinWorksCited,References,orBibliographyareputinalphabeticalorderbylastnamesofauthors,editors,translators,etc.orbyfirstwordsoftitles.

Ifthefirstwordofthetitleis"The","A",or"An",andthewordisbeingusedasanarticle,e.g.,inthetitle:

TheLittleBookofIrishClans,theentryisplacedunder"Little"andthearticle"The"isignored.Inthetitle:

AIsforApple,however,theentryisplacedunderAsinceAisusedasanounandnotasanarticleinthiscase.

Sometimesthearticle"The"isusedaspartofthenameofacompanyormagazineorjournalforemphasis,e.g.,TheChamp,orTheSportsNetwork.ForInternetsites,usetheU