新实用汉译英教程课件.docx

新实用汉译英教程课件.docx

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新实用汉译英教程课件

WrittenTranslationIII

Whyweneedtranslationtheory?

人山人海Aseaoffaces

Rose玫瑰、月季、蔷薇

农业是国民经济的基础Agriculture

农林牧副渔Farming,forestry,animalhusbandry,sidelinesandfishery

庐山初识,匆匆五十年矣TwoscoreandtenyearshaveelapsedsinceouracquaintanceatMt.Lushan.

Chapter1SociosemioticApproachtoTranslation

1.Basicprinciplesofsemiotics

Saussureinitiatedthestudyofsignsystems,whichhenamed“semiology”,andprophesieditsexistenceinadvance.Hedeclared:

“Asciencethatstudiesthelifeofsignswithinsocietyisconceivable;itwouldbepartofsocialpsychology;Ishallcallitsemiology.Semiologywouldshowwhatconstitutessigns,whatlawsgovernthem.Sincethesciencedoesnotyetexist,noonecansaywhatitwouldbe;butithasarighttoexitence,aplacestakedoutinadvance.

Signified（concept所指）

Signifier（soundimage能指）

Peircehasgivengeneraldefinitionofasign:

Asign,orareprentamen,issomethingwhichstandstosomebody,forsomethinginsomerespectorcapacity.

Icon（basedonidentityorlikeness,e.g.roadsigns）;index（basedoncontiguity临近orcausality；e.g.Smokeasasignoffire）;symbol（amerelyconventionallink:

e.g.words）

Sign

Object

Interpretant

Semantictriangle

Linguisticmeaningisbuiltontherelationshipofthesignwitheachotherinthesamesystem

Referentialmeaningisbuiltontherelationshipofthesignwithitsreferent

Pragmaticmeaningisbuiltontherelationshipofthesignanditsinterpretant

2.SociosemioticApproachtoTranslation

Socialsemioticsisprimarilyconcernedwithhumansemiosisasaninherentlysocialphenomenoninitssources,functions,contexts,andeffects.Itisalsoconcernedwiththesocialmeaningsconstructedthroughthefullrangeofsemioticforms,throughsemiotictextsandsemioticpractices,inallkindsofhumansocietyatallperiodsofhumanhistory.

Halliday’smodelofsocialsemiotics

ProfessorChen’smodelofSociosemioticApproachtoTranslation

MymodelofSociosemioticApproachtoTranslation

Chapter2Generalstatementoftranslation

1.natureoftranslation

Nidaoutofthedate

薄薄的夜

喇叭

2.translationprocess

Preparation;working;checking

母亲拧着纺车把他拉扯大，真是要星星不给月亮。

这件事给邻居们知道，岂不是笑歪了嘴？

Hismotherhadbroughthimupbydoingspinningandhadgivenhimwhateverhewanted.

Whenneighborsheardofthematter,they’dlaughtheirheadsoff?

Thegoodmothersaysnot:

willyou？

Butgives.

3.Translationstandard

Faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance

Similarityinspirit

Sublimation

Tytler

Correspondenceinmeaningandsimilarityinfunction

4.translator’straits

Chapter3LexicalTranslation

Alexemeisanabstract unit of morphological analysis in linguistics,thatroughlycorrespondstoasetof words thataredifferentformsofthesameword.Forexample,inthe Englishlanguage,run,runs,ranandrunningareformsofthesamelexeme,conventionallywrittenasRUN.

一、LexicalcomparisonbetweenChineseandEnglish

对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识汉语和英语的差别。

吕叔湘

1.Writingsystem

（1）ChineseWritingSystem

Ideographic表意

①Pictograms象形：

Apictogramorpictureisastyliseddrawingofthethingitrefersto.Only600Chinesecharactersoutof50000,arepictograms.Theyaregenerallytheoldestcharacters,sincealotofthemhavebeendiscoveredengravedonturtleshells（1500-1100beforechrist）.指事（Symbols）

②Symbols指事：

Symbols,alsoknownasindicativesexpressanabstractideabymeansofanarbitrarysignorbymodifyinganexistingpictogram.Veryoften,dotsorlinesareaddedtoapictogramtoindicatewhatpartoractionisintended.Forinstance,torepresenttheideaof“root”,ahorizontallineisaddedatthebottomofatreetosuggesttheideaofroots.（本）

③Ideogram会意：

Anideogram,alsocalledassociativecompoundsormeaning-meaningcomesfromthecombinationoftwoormoremeaningfulcomponentstocreateanewcharacterwithanewmeaning.

④Phono-semantic形声：

Phono-semanticcharacters,alsoknownassound-meaning,orpicto-phonogramsarecharacterscomposedoftwocomponents:

onecomponentindicatesthemeaning,

theotherindicatesitspronunciation.

Morethan90%ofChinesecharactersarePhono-semanticcharacters.ThesecharactersappearedveryearlyinthedevelopmentofChinesewriting,becauseofthedifficultyofusingpictorialformstorepresentabstractnotionsandsimilarobjects（forexamplesdonkeyversushorse）.

ExamplesofPhono-semanticcharactersCharacterphoneticcomponentsemanticcomponent媽（mother,mā）馬（mǎ）女（Woman）菜（vegetable,cài）采（cǎi）艹（grass）沐（tobath,mù）木（mù）氵（water）

（2）ChineseandEnglishSyllables

NumberofChinesesyllables:

432nodifferenceoftones;1376withdifferenceoftones

NumberofEnglishsyllables:

about10000

（3）EnglishWritingSystem

Thesoundwritingsystemoralphabeticwritingsystemhasdominatedmostoftheworldlanguage.SincemostEuropeanalphabetssuchasSpanish,German,French,English,etc.derivedfromtheLainalphabet,onlyminoradjustmentswereneededtocopewithindividualcharacteristicsofaparticularlanguage.Theimmensepowerofthesoundwritingsystemisitsproductivity.Therearemorethan600,000entriesinWebster’sThirdNewInternationalDictionary.（Chinesecharacters:

about50000）

（4）SyllabicstructuresinEnglish

（C）（C）（C）V（C）（C）（C）（C）

IVkeyCVskiCCVspreeCCCVseekCVC

SpeakCCVCscramCCCVC

stripedCCCVCCanVCantVCC

antsVCCCpantCVCCpantsCVCCCsplintsCCCVCCCstampCCVCC

strengthsCCCVCCCC

2.morphemes

Amorphemeisthesmallestlinguisticunitthatcarriesgrammaticalorsemanticmeaning.Itcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallerunits.

Afreemorphemeisonethatmayconstituteaword（freeform）byitself,suchas“bed”,“tree”,“sing”,“dance”.

Aboundmorphemeisonethatmayappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,suchas“-s”indogs,“al”in“national”,“dis“in“disclose”,andsoon.

Chinesemorphemes

1.freemorpheme

Eg.药——药材（medicine）

——服药

2.half-freemorpheme

Eg.丰——丰收（harvest）

——丰富（abundant）

3.non-freemorpheme.

Eg.老——老师（teacher）

Englishmorphemes

1.freemorpheme

Eg.room,dog,bottle

2.Boundmorpheme

Eg.Prefix

Re-,dis-,en-,im-

Suffix

-able,-tion,-less,-er

——老鹰（eagle）

3.Wordformation

Sound-changing（音变法）

Reduplication（重叠法）

Conversion（转移法）

Abbreviation（简略法）

Affixation（缀合法）

Compounding（合成法）

（1）Sound-changing

①Chinese：

—changingtheinitialofaChinesesyllable（homographs）

e.g.重（zhòng）重（chóng）

弹（tán）弹（dàn）

—changingthefinalofaChinesesyllable

e.g.还（huán）还（hái）

和（hé）和（húo）

—changingthepitch

e.g.少（shǎo）少（shào）

为（wéi）为（wèi）

②English：

—changingtheconsonantofaword

e.g.close/klous/a.亲密的

close/klouz/v.关闭

house/haus/n.房屋

house/hauz/v.留宿

—changingthevowelofaword

e.g.doom/du:

m/n.毁灭

deem/di:

m/v.认为

food/fu:

d/n.食品

feed/fi:

d/n.喂

—changingthepositionofstress

e.g.present/’preznt/a.现在的

present/pri’zent/v.介绍

sound-changingnotonlychangesthemeaning,butalsopartofspeech

（2）Reduplication

Chinese—superpositionEnglish–

AA,AAB,BAA,AABC,BCAA……e.g.pingpong,walkie-talkie,ha-ha

ReduplicationcangreatlyenrichChinesevocabularyandperfecttheexpressivefunctionandbeautyofChinese.

（3）Conversion

tochangethewordclassandmakeanewword.

—convertingnounsintoverbs

e.g.①Pleasetakeaseat.

Itcanseat1000people.

②这把锄是新的。

那块地已经锄过两遍了。

—convertingadjectivesintoverbs

e.g.①Youcanhappyyourfriends,maliceorfoolyourenemy,orfallanaxeonhisneck.

Hewasveryhappytohearthat.

②请画条直线。

他这个人就是直来直去的。

—convertingverbsintonouns.

e.g.①Youarenotallowedtoleavetheroom.

Hetookleaveofherwithaheavyheart.

②他很会背书。

他打球的时候伤到背了。

—convertingadjectivesintonouns.

e.g.①Wearewaitingforthefinaldecision.

Thebasketballfinalsarefantastic.

②我喜欢吃苦瓜。

他不怕苦和累。

—convertingnounsorverbsintoadjectives

e.g.①我讨厌这个人。

他这人真讨厌。

②他舍己救人的精神让人感动。

你穿夹克衫显得很精神。

Worldreport;sciencefiction

（4）Abbreviation

toshortentheoriginalwordsorparaphrasestomakeitpreciseandpracticalwithoutchangingtheirmeanings.

CPC=CommunistPartyofChina

共产主义青年团=共青团

（5）Affixation

Theprocessbywhichwordsareformedbyaddingaffixestoarootiscalledaffixation.

—Prefix

non-;in-;de-;un-;ab;counter-;anti-;dis-;im-;multi；非；反；无；不

—Suffix

-less;-able;-ful;-ed;-ee;-ist;手；家；子；儿

Boundmorphemes,namelyprefixandsuffix,makeEnglishwordsmoreabundantthanChinese.

（6）Compounding

Compoundingisaprocessofword-formationbywhichtwoormoreindependentwordsareputtogethertomakeoneword.

Greenhouse;

Theyfaceadamned-if-they-do,damned-if-they-don’tchoice.

二、RelationshipofChineseandEnglishWords

1.Correspondence相符

紫玉山庄法人实体打白条

Fakecorrespondence

盐水saltwater学英语歌tostudyEnglishsongs简单地说simplyspeaking一层厚厚的黄土alayerofthickloessdust穷山恶水poormountainandbadwater强硬政策strongpolicy学习知识tolearnknowledge好票goodtickets

PurpleJadeVilla;legalentity;topaysb.IOUs

Saltsolution

TolearnEnglishsongs

Athicklayerof

Toputitsimply

Toacquireknowledge

Toughpolicies

Poverty-strickenplaces

Goodseats

2.inclusion包孕

华侨OverseasChinese

汽车automobile=motorcar（amoreformalwordforcar）

胡子Beaver;moustache;whiskers;beard

酒，汤，学者，rose等

3.intersection交叉

骑马，骑自行车，骑墙，骑马人，骑墙派

Torideahorse;torideabike;tositonthefence;horserider;fence-sitters

粮油票，请买票，售票处，售票口，普通客票，行李票，剪票员，查票员

Grain（food）andedibleoilcoupons;Allfares,please!

;bookingoffice;wicket;check;ordinaryticket;puncher;ticketexaminer;

4.zero空缺

Zeroofdesignativemeaning指称意义空缺

三八式干部；三八红旗手；三八

抓周；八行书

Zerooflinguisticmeaning言内意义空缺

在家养病反把这病养家了

我姓李，十八子的李。

Zeroofpragmaticmeaning语用意义空缺

工农