Heidelberg.docx

Heidelberg.docx

《Heidelberg.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Heidelberg.docx（28页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

Heidelberg

Heidelberg

FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Jumpto:

navigation,search

Forotheruses,seeHeidelberg（disambiguation）.

Heidelberg

ViewofHeidelbergwiththeHeidelbergCastle

onhillandtheOldBridgeoverriverNeckar

Heidelberg

Coordinates

49°24′44″N8°42′36″E/49.41222°N8.71°E/49.41222;8.71

Administration

Country

Germany

State

Baden-Württemberg

Admin.region

Karlsruhe

District

Urbandistrict

LordMayor

Dr.EckartWürzner （Ind.）

Basicstatistics

Area

108.83 km2（42.02sq mi）

Elevation

114 m （374 ft）

Population

146,466（31December2009）[1]

 -Density

1,346/km2 （3,486 /sq mi）

Otherinformation

Timezone

CET/CEST（UTC+1/+2）

Licenceplate

HD

Postalcodes

69115–69126

Areacode

06221

Website

heidelberg.de

Heidelberg[ˈhaɪdəlbɛʁk]isaGermancitysituatedinthesouth-westofthecountry.ItisthefifthlargestcityoftheGermanStateofBaden-WürttembergafterStuttgart,Mannheim,KarlsruheandFreiburgimBreisgau.HeidelbergispartofadenselypopulatedregionknownastheRhine-NeckarMetropolitanRegion.Asof2009,over145,000peoplelivewithinthecity'sarea.HeidelbergliesontheRiverNeckarinasteepvalleyintheOdenwald.

Heidelberg—havingbeenaformerresidenceoftheElectoralPalatinateinthepast—istheseatoftheUniversityofHeidelbergwhichiswell-knownfarbeyondHeidelberg'sandGermany'sborders.Furthermore,Heidelbergisapopulartouristdestinationduetoitsromanticandpicturesquecityscape'scharacterincludingtheHeidelbergCastleandthebaroquestyleOldTown.TheUSArmyhashadamilitarybaseinHeidelbergsince1951.

Contents

[hide]

∙1Geography

o1.1Floraandfauna

o1.2Administrativestructures

o1.3Neighbouringcommunes

o1.4Climate

∙2History

o2.1Earlyhistory

o2.2MiddleAges

o2.3Modernhistory

o2.41803till1933

o2.5Nazismandthewarperiod

o2.6Historyafter1945

∙3Cityscape

o3.1Theoldtown

o3.2HeidelbergCastle

o3.3Philosophers'Walk

o3.4Heidelbergchurches

∙4Education

o4.1Universitiesandacademia

o4.2Research

o4.3Schools

∙5Economy

o5.1Tourism

o5.2Industry

o5.3Railways

o5.4UnitedStatesmilitaryinstallations

∙6Culture

o6.1Events

o6.2Museumsandexhibitions

o6.3RomanticismofHeidelberg

∙7Sport

o7.1Rugbyunion

∙8Internationalrelations

∙9Useinpopularculture

∙10Notableinhabitants

∙11Gallery

∙12Seealso

∙13Notes

∙14References

∙15Externallinks

[edit]Geography

HeidelbergispartlysituatedintheRhineRiftValley,mainlyontheleftbankofthelowerpartoftheriverNeckar.Heidelberg,beinglocatedinabottomofavalley,isborderedbythemountainKönigsstuhl（568 m）andthemountainGaisberg（375 m）.TheriverNeckarflowshereinaneast-westdirection.OntherightbankoftheriverthemountainHeiligenberg（445 m）rises.TheriverNeckarleadstotheRiverRhineapproximately22kilometresnorth-westerlyinMannheim,measuredfromtheendofthebottomofthevalley.Thevillagesincorporatedduringthethe20thcenturyreachfromtheNeckarvalleythroughtheBergstraße,astreetsituatedalongsidethehillsideoftheOdenwald.

MoreoverHeidelbergtouchestheEuropeanwalkingrouteE1（Sweden-Umbria）.

ThedistrictsofHeidelberg

TheAltstadtseenfromthemountainKönigsstuhl

[edit]Floraandfauna

SinceHeidelbergisamongthewarmestregionsofGermany,thereflourishsomeusuallyuntypicalplantsregardingthecentral-Europeanconditions.Someofthemareforinstancealmondsandfigtrees;thereisalsoanolivetreesituatedintheGaisbergstraße.AlongsidethePhilosophers'Walk（PhilosophenweginGerman）ontheoppositesideoftheOldTownonealsorestartedwinegrowingagainintheyear2000.[2]

FurthermorethereexistsawildpopulationofanAfricanRose-ringedParakeet.[3]aswellasawildpopulationoftheSiberianSwanGoosewhichcanbemainlyseenontheislandsintheRiverNeckarnearBergheim,adistrictofHeidelberg.

[edit]Administrativestructures

HeidelbergisaunitaryauthoritywithintheRegierungsbezirkKarlsruhe.TheRhein-Neckar-Kreisruraldistrictsurroundsitandhasitsseatinthecity,althoughthecityisnotapartofthedistrict.HeidelbergisapartoftheRhine-NeckarMetropolitanRegion,oftenreferredtoastheRhein-Neckar-Triangle.ThisregionconsistsofthesouthernpartoftheGermanStateofHessia,thesouthernpartoftheStateofRhineland-Palatinate（Vorderpfalz）,theadministrativedistricsofMannheimandHeidelberg,aswellasthesouthernmunicipalitiesoftheRhein-Neckar-Kreis.Intheyear2005theRhein-Neckar-TrianglebecameaEuropeanMetropolitanarea.

Heidelbergconsistsoffourteendistrictswhicharedistributedinsixsectorsofthecity.InthecentralareaofthecitythereareAltstadt（theOldTown）,Bergheim,andWeststadt.InthenorthernpartofHeidelbergthereareNeuenheimandHandschuhsheim.IntheeastthereareZiegelhausenandSchlierbachwhereasinthesouththereareSüdstadt,Rohrbach,Emmertsgrund,andBoxberg.Finally,inthesouthwest,thereisKirchheim.InthewesttherearePfaffengrundandWieblingen.Anewcitydistrict,tentativelynamedBahnstadt,isplannedonlandlocatedwithinWeststadtandWieblingen.Thenewdistrictwillhaveapproximately5,000-6,000residentsandemploymentfor7,000.

[edit]Neighbouringcommunes

ThefollowingcitiesandcommunesborderthecityofHeidelberg,beginninginthewestandthengoingoninclockwisedirection:

Edingen-Neckarhausen,Dossenheim,Schriesheim,Wilhelmsfeld,Schönau,Neckargemünd,Bammental,Gaiberg,Leimen,Sandhausen,Oftersheim,Plankstadt,Eppelheim（allpartoftheRhein-Neckar-Kreis）andMannheim.

[edit]Climate

Heidelbergexperiencesanoceanicclimate（KöppenclimateclassificationCfb）.TheclimateoftheregioniscoinedbytheprotectedvalleybetweentthePfälzerwaldandtheOdenwald.Year-roundtherearemildtemperaturesthataredeterminedbymaritimeairmassescomingfromthewest.IncomparisontothenearbyUpperRhinePlainHeidelberg'spositioninthevalleyleadstoahighnumberofeast-wingsbeingabove-average.ThehillsidesoftheOdenwaldfavourcloudingandprecipitation.ThewarmestmonthisJuly,thecoldestisJanuary.Temperaturesrisingmorethan30°Cinthemidsummerarenorarity.AccordingtothestudiesoftheGermanMeteorologicalService,HeidelbergwasthewarmestplaceinGermanyin2009.[4][5][6]

TheRiverNeckarcrossingHeidelberg.PanoramashotfromtheTheodor-Heuss-Brücke.Onthelefthand,NeuenheimwithitsNeckarwiesen,ontherighthand,theAltstadt.

[hide]ClimatedataforHeidelberg

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Averagehigh°C（°F）

3.78

（38.8）

6.11

（43.0）

10.89

（51.6）

15.39

（59.7）

19.89

（67.8）

23

（73.4）

25.5

（77.9）

25.11

（77.2）

21.5

（70.7）

15.28

（59.5）

8.5

（47.3）

4.78

（40.6）

15

（59.0）

Averagelow°C（°F）

-1.39

（29.5）

-0.72

（30.7）

1.89

（35.4）

4.89

（40.8）

8.89

（48.0）

12.22

（54.0）

14

（57.2）

13.78

（56.8）

10.61

（51.1）

6.72

（44.1）

2.39

（36.3）

-0.39

（31.3）

6.06

（42.9）

Precipitationmm（inches）

56

（2.2）

53

（2.1）

53

（2.1）

61

（2.4）

79

（3.1）

86

（3.4）

71

（2.8）

66

（2.6）

53

（2.1）

58

（2.3）

66

（2.6）

66

（2.6）

770

（30.3）

Source:

Intellicast[7]

[edit]History

[edit]Earlyhistory

Between600,000and200,000yearsago[citationneeded],the"HeidelbergMan"diedatnearbyMauer.Hisjaw-bonewasdiscoveredin1907;withscientificdating,hisremainsweredeterminedtobetheearliestevidenceofhumanlifeinEurope.Inthe5thcenturyBC,aCelticfortressofrefugeandplaceofworshipwerebuiltontheHeiligenberg,or"MountainofSaints".Bothplacescanstillbeidentified.In40AD,afortwasbuiltandoccupiedbythe24thRomancohortandthe2ndCyrenaicancohort（CCGXXIIIIandCCHIICYR）.TheRomansbuiltandmaintainedCastra（permanentcamps）andasignallingtoweronthebankoftheNeckar.TheybuiltawoodenbridgebasedonstonepillarsacrosstheriverNeckar.Thecampprotectedthefirstciviliansettlementsthatdeveloped.TheRomansremaineduntil260AD,whenthecampwasconqueredbyGermantribes.

[edit]MiddleAges

ModernHeidelbergcantraceitsbeginningstothe5thcentury.ThevillageBergheim（"MountainHome"）isfirstmentionedinthatperiod,indocumentsdatedto769AD.BergheimnowliesinthemiddleofmodernHeidelberg.ThepeoplegraduallyconvertedtoChristianity.In863AD,themonasteryofSt.MichaelwasfoundedontheHeiligenberginsidethedoublerampartoftheCelticfortress.Around1130,theNeubergMonasterywasfoundedintheNeckarvalley.Atthesametime,thebishopricofWormsextendeditsinfluenceintothevalley,foundingSchönauAbbeyin1142.ModernHeidelbergcantraceitsrootstothis12thcenturymonastery.ThefirstreferencetoHeidelbergcanbefoundinadocumentinSchönauAbbeydatedto1196.ThisisconsideredthefoundingdateforHeidelberg.In1155,HeidelbergcastleanditsneighboringsettlementweretakenoverbythehouseofHohenstaufen.ConradofHohenstaufenbecame"CountPalatineoftheRhine"（German:

PfalzgrafbeiRhein）.In1195,thePalatinatepassedtotheHouseofWelfthroughmarriage.

TheHeidelbergCastle,hereshowninapaintingbyCarlBlechen,wasdestroyedbytheFrenchduringthewarofsuccessionoftheElectoralPalatinate

Viewofcastlefromtownsquare

In1225,LouisI,DukeofBavariaobtainedthePalatinate,andthusthecastlecameunderhiscontrol.By1303,anothercastlehadbeenconstructedfordefense.In1356,theCountsPalatineweregrantedfar-reachingrightsintheGoldenBullinadditiontobecomingElectors.In138