中国太阳能热水器行业的现状和相关的国家标准金太阳计划的认证和测试外文翻译Word下载.docx

中国太阳能热水器行业的现状和相关的国家标准金太阳计划的认证和测试外文翻译Word下载.docx

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重庆大学学报（英文版）

作者：

YANJun，H．Druck，H．Muller—Steinhagen

原文：

Abstract：

Chinaisthelargestsolarwaterheaterproducerandmarketintheworld．Despitethefastgrowthandaninstalledcapacitythataccountsforthemajorityoftheglobalgross，China’spercapitasolarhotwatercapacityisstillverylow，implyingahugemarginofmarketpotential；

andtherecognitionoftheindustryintheglobalmarketishandicappedbythescatteredscaleofproductionandinconsistentproductquality．ToensurecontinuedgrowthofChina’ssolarwaterheating（SWH）industry，ChineseGovernmenthasestablishedaseriesofnationalSWHstandards．threenationaltestingcenters．andacertificationprogramtolaythefoundationforthedevelopmentoftheGoldenSunproductlabelingsystem．ChinaGeneralCertificationCenter（CGC）developedtheGoldenSunproductcertificationandlabelingsystemonapass/failbasisevaluatingwithestablishedcriteria．Thesystemwasdesignedtohelpmanufacturersacclimatetoexplicitconsistentrequirementsandtoidentifyandfixthedeficienciesinthedesignandexecutionoftheprogramitself．TimelyrevisionandintegrationofthenationalstandardsarcrecommendedtoaccommodatethetestproceduresandrequirementstonewtechnologiesandtheevolvingSWHmarket．StrictimplementationoftheGoldenSuncertificationandlabelingsystemarcsuggestedtoavailimprovingthequalitycontrolandforginginternationallyreputablebrandsofChinesesolarwaterheatingproducts．

Keywords：

solarwaterheaters；

solarheating；

renewableenergyresources；

nationalstandards；

GoldenSuncertificationprogram

1、Introduction

Solarwaterheating（SWH）isacost-effective，pollution—fleetechniqueforheatingwater．Withincreasinginterestinusinggreenenergy，solarthermalsystems

claimmoreattention．

In2006．rooftopsolarheatcollectorsprovidedhotwatertonearly50millionhouseholdsworldwide．Existingsolarhotwater／heatingcapacityincreasedbv

19％toreach105gigawatts-thermal（GWth）globally．In2005，thetotalareaofsolarcollectorsovertheworldwas125km2,withanincreaseof14％fromtheyear2004．Thecorrespondingglobalsolarthermalcapacitywas88GWth.

Chinahasboththeworld’slargestproductionandmarketforsolarwaterheaters，withanannualproductionof20km2in2006and97km2cumulativeinstalledcapacityofflatplateanda11-Glassvacuumtubecollectorsattheendoftheyear．productionwasalmost2．5timeshigherthanthatin200l（8.2km2）．Theproductionin2005（over10GWth）wasmorethanfivetimeshigherthanEurope’s（1essman2GWth）．

UptoApril2007，therewereover3000companiesthatmanufacturedanddistributedsolarwaterheatingproductsinChinawithallannualoutputvalueof30billionyuan（RMB）inanindustrythatemployedmorethan600000people．

2、SolarwaterheatingmarketinChina

2.1Development

ThedevelopmentofChina’sSWHindustryStartedinthe1980s．andthemarketwasinitiallyfocusedonlow-incomefamiliesinthecountrysideorinsmalltowns．providinglowcosthotwaterfordomesticuseinplaceswhereelectricityorfuelsweredeficientorunavailable．

ThemaintypesofChina’Ssolarcollectorsarethe-flat．plate．thevacuum-tubeandthecombined—storage．Thevacuum-tubetypeisthemostpopular，overtakingthedominantplaceoftheflat—platetypethattookupabout70％ofthemarketin1996andisusedmainlyinfrostfreeareasinthesouthThemarketforvacuum-tubecollectorsgrewveryquicklyfromtheyear1999anditsoontooktheleadwithall85％sharein2002．

ThemainSWHapplicationisprovidingdomestichotwater．about90％forsinglehouseholdsand10％forschools，hotels，restaurantsandindustry．Solathermalfordomesticwaterheatingisconcomitantwithnaturalgasandelectricityincities，andcoalandtraditionalbiomassinruralareas．Despiteitscostadvantage，SWHtakesupanurbanmarketsharefarsmallerthannaturalgasboilersandelectricwaterheaters．Alargemarketmarginawaitsexploiting．

2.2Currentstatusandproblems

Despitethegloballyleadinggrosscapacity，China’sinstalledSWHcapacitypercapitaisverysmall．CountrieshavingalargerpercapitainstalledSWHcapacitythanChinaincludeCyprus，Israel，Greece，Austria，etc．In2005，Chinahadamarketpenetrationof6910m2per100000population．Morethan10timessmallerthanCyprusimplyingahugemarketpotential．

If25％ofthehouseholdsinChinausesolarwaterheaters．theindustryisestimatedtohaveapotentialmarketof270km2．Giventhispotentialandbased

onscenariosforcontinuedaggressiveexpansionoftheSWHmarket．theNationalDevelopmentandReformCommission（NDRC）hasestablishedtargetsforcumulativeinstalledsolarwaterheatingcapacitiesof150km2by2010and300km2by2020．Toachievethesetargets，thecontinuedstronggrowthofthemarketinChinamustaddressseveralissues．

Firstly．1essthanahundredoutofover3000solar-water-heatermanufacturersinChinaareconsideredcompetitive．In2005．61companiesproduced90％oftheSWHsystemsmadeinChina,alloftheglassvacuumtubetype．Therestwereflat-platesystems，mostlyofthethermosiphontype．

Secondly，manymanufacturersanddistributorsinChinahaveinconsistentqualitycontrolfortheirSWHproducts．Poorqualityproductshavenegativeimpactoncustomersindomesticandforeignmarkets．TheEuropeanmarketisdoubtfulaboutthequality，0fChinesesolarwaterheatersbecauseofinferiorglassandpoordesignatadisadvantagecomparedtotheproductsoftheleadingEuropeSchottmanufacturersSchottandTermomax．

Consequently，inChinatherehasbeenarenewedemphasisonthedevelopmentofnewstandardsforSWHsystemsandestablishmentofanationaltestingandcertificationsystemforSWHproducts．TheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram（UNDP）andtheGlobalEnvironmentFacility（GEF）havecooperatedwithNDRCtosupportthenationalsolarwaterheatingstandards，testing，andcertificationprograminChinaforindustrialproducts．Thereisalsoanemerginginterestindevelopingbuildingintegratedsolartechnologies，demonstrationprojects，andbuildingcodestoguidetheapplicationofsolartechnologies．TheMinistryofConstructionmandatestheimplementationoftheRenewableEnergyLaw，issuedinFebruary2005．toencouragebuildingintegrationofSWHsystemsanddevelopmentofrelatedstandardsandbuildingcodes．

3、Solarwaterheatingstandards,testing，andcertificationprogram

3.1solarwaterheatingstandards

Duringtheyearsfrom2001t02003．fournationalstandardsfortheSWHindustrywereissued：

GB/Tl8708-2002TestMethodsforThermalPerformanceofDomesticSolarWaterHeatingSystems，GB/T18713-2002solarWaterHeatingSystems-Design,installationandEngineeringAcceptance，GB/T19141-2003SpecificationsforSolarWaterHeatingSystems，andGB/Tl8974-2003IndoorTestMethodsfortheThermalPerformanceofSolarCollectors．ThesestandardsborrowedheavilyfromInternationalOrganizationforStandardization（IS0）andEuropeanNational（EN）standardsinestablishingthespecificationsandproceduresfor

producttestsofSWHsystems，componentperformancetestsofflatplateandvacuumtubesystems，andacceptancetestsofreliability．

Bytheendof2006．20standardsrelatedtosolarwaterheatershadbeendeveloped，including16nationalstandardsand4tradestandards．Thesestandardscompletedtheoverallframeworkfortestingmatcouldserveasthebasisforproductcertification．Inaddition．therevisionoffournationalstandardsassociatedwithsolarwaterheatershasbeeninprocesssinceApril2006．TheyareGB/T6424-1997SpecificationforFlatPlateSolarCollectors,GB/T4271-2000TestMethodsfortheThermalPerformanceofFlatPlatesolarCollectors，GB/T17581-1998VacuumTubersolarCollector，andGB/T18974-2003IndoorTestMethodsForTheThermalPerformanceofSolarCollector．Thefourstandardswillbeintegratedintoasinglenewonecomposedofthreeparts：

1）testingmethodsforthethermalperformanceofsolarcollectors．2）specificationsforflatplatesolarcollectors。

and3）specificationsforvacuumtubesolarcollectors．Therevisednationalstandardsareexpectedtohaveamajorinfluenceonthesolarenergyuseinthecomingyears．

3.2Nationalsolarwaterheatingtestingcenters

ChineseGovernmentsetupthreenationalsolarwaterheatingtestcentersin2002．TheyareYunnanProvincialQualitySupervisionandTestingCenterforSolarEnergyProducts．LocatedatYunnanNormalUniversityinKunming．southChina；

HubeiProvincialandNationalSolarWaterHeaterSupervisionandInspectionCenterofProductQualityinWuhan，centralChina；

andNationalCenterforQualitySupervisionandTestingofSolarWaterHeatingSystemsinBeijing，northChina．

ThecentersaretoprovidebothsystemtestingandcomponenttestingservicesbasedonthenationalstandardframeworkandanationalcertificationprogramthatusesthetestresultstoverifythequalityofSWHproductsforthenationallabelingprogram．Thethreecentersoperateasateamwithstandardtestingcapabilities．Theirtestingcapabilitiesincludethefollowing．

1）Testingthesystemthermalperformancebyusingamultiplesystemtestbedwith8teststationsandwithroomforfutureexpansionforsingle-dayandmultiple-daytestsofsystemthermalperformanceandheatlosscoefficientofstoragetanks．Testsaremostlybythesingle-dayprocedure；

andifnecessary，multiple—daytestscanbedoneinanyofthethreecenters．2）Testingthesolarcollectorthermalperformancebyusingatwo-axistrackingtestbedtodeterminethesteadystateefficiency。

effectivethermalcapacity，timeconstant，incide