雅思阅读全真模拟题.docx

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雅思阅读全真模拟题

2019年雅思阅读全真模拟题：

幸福的科学解释

　　CanScientiststellus：

Whathappinessis?

　　A

　　Economistsacceptthatifpeopledescribethemselvesashappy,thenthey

arehappy.However,psychologistsdifferentiatebetweenlevelsofhappiness.The

mostimmediatetypeinvolvesafeeling;pleasureorjoy.Butsometimeshappiness

isajudgmentthatlifeissatisfying,anddoesnotimplyanemotionalstate.

EsteemedpsychologistMartinSeligmanhasspearheadedanefforttostudythe

scienceofhappiness.Thebadnewsisthatwe'renotwiredtobehappy.Thegood

newsisthatwecandosomethingaboutit.SinceitsoriginsinaLeipzig

laboratory130yearsago,psychologyhashadlittletosayaboutgoodnessand

contentment.Mostlypsychologistshaveconcernedthemselveswithweaknessand

misery.Therearelibrariesfulloftheoriesaboutwhywegetsad,worried,and

angry.Ithasn'tbeenrespectablesciencetostudywhathappenswhenlivesgo

well.Positiveexperiences,suchasjoy,kindness,altruismandheroism,have

mainlybeenignored.Forevery100psychologypapersdealingwithanxietyor

depression,onlyoneconcernsapositivetrait.

　　B

　　Afewpioneersinexperimentalpsychologybuckedthetrend.ProfessorAlice

IsenofCornellUniversityandcolleagueshavedemonstratedhowpositive

emotionsmakepeoplethinkfasterandmorecreatively.Showinghoweasyitisto

givepeopleanintellectualboost,Isendivideddoctorsmakingatricky

diagnosisintothreegroups：

onereceivedcandy,onereadhumanisticstatements

aboutmedicine,onewasacontrolgroup.Thedoctorswhohadcandydisplayedthe

mostcreativethinkingandworkedmoreefficiently.InspiredbyIsenandothers,

Seligmangotstuckin.Heraisedmillionsofdollarsofresearchmoneyand

funded50researchgroupsinvolving150scientistsacrosstheworld.Four

positivepsychologycentresopened,decoratedincheerfulcoloursandfurnished

withsofasandbaby-sitters.Therewereget-togethersonMexicanbeacheswhere

psychologistswouldsnorkelandeatfajitas,thenform"pods"todiscuss

subjectssuchaswonderandawe.Athousandtherapistswerecoachedinthenew

science.

　　C

　　Butcriticsaredemandinganswerstobigquestions.Whatisthepointof

defininglevelsofhappinessandclassifyingthevirtues?

Aren'ttheseconcepts

vagueandimpossibletopindown?

Canyoujustifyspendingfundstoresearch

positivestateswhenthereareproblemssuchasfamine,floodandepidemic

depressiontobesolved?

Seligmanknowshisworkcanbebelittledalongside

tritenotionssuchas"thepowerofpositivethinking".Hisplantostopthenew

sciencefloating"onthewavesofself-improvementfashions"istomakesureit

isanchoredtopositivephilosophyabove,andtopositivebiologybelow.

　　D

　　Andthistakesusbacktoourevolutionarypast.Homosapiensevolved

duringthePleistoceneera（1.8mto10,000yearsago）,atimeofhardshipand

turmoil.ItwastheIceAge,andourancestorsenduredlongfreezesasglaciers

formed,thenferociousfloodsastheicemassesmelted.Wesharedtheplanet

withterrifyingcreaturessuchasmammoths,elephant-sizedgroundslothsand

sabre-toothedcats.ButbytheendofthePleistocene,alltheseanimalswere

extinct.Humans,ontheotherhand,hadevolvedlargebrainsandusedtheir

intelligencetomakefireandsophisticatedtools,todeveloptalkandsocial

rituals.Survivalinatimeofadversityforgedourbrainsintoapersistent

mould.ProfessorSeligmansays：

"Becauseourbrainevolvedduringatimeofice,

floodandfamine,wehaveacatastrophicbrain.Thewaythebrainworksis

lookingforwhat'swrong.Theproblemis,thatworkedinthePleistoceneera.It

favouredyou,butitdoesn'tworkinthemodemworld."

　　E

　　Althoughmostpeopleratethemselvesashappy,thereisawealthof

evidencetoshowthatnegativethinkingisdeeplyingrainedinthehumanpsyche.

Experimentsshowthatwerememberfailuresmorevividlythansuccesses.Wedwell

onwhatwentbadly,notwhatwentwell.Ofthesixuniversalemotions,four

anger,fear,disgustandsadnessarenegativeandonlyone,joy,ispositive.

Thesixth,surprise,ispsychologistDanielNettle,authorofHappiness,andone

oftheRoyalInstitutionlecturers,thenegativeemotionseachtellus

"somethingbadhashappened"andsuggestadifferentcourseofaction.

　　F

　　Whatisitaboutthestructureofthebrainthatunderliesourbiastowards

negativethinking?

Andisthereabiologyofjoy?

AtIowaUniversity,

neuroscientistsstudiedwhathappenswhenpeopleareshownpleasantand

unpleasantpictures.Whensubjectsseelandscapesordolphinsplaying,partof

thefrontallobeofthebrainbecomesactive.Butwhentheyareshownunpleasant

imagesabirdcoveredinoil,oradeadsoldierwithpartofhisfacemissing

theresponsecomesfrommoreprimitivepartsofthebrain.Theabilitytofeel

negativeemotionsderivesfromanancientdanger-recognitionsystemformedearly

inthebrain'sevolution.Thepre-frontalcortex,whichregistershappiness,is

thepartusedforhigherthinking,anareathatevolvedlaterinhuman

history.

　　G

　　Ourdifficulty,accordingtoDanielNettle,isthatthebrainsystemsfor

likingandwantingareseparate.Wantinginvolvestwoancientregionsthe

amygdalaandthenucleusaccumbensthatcommunicateusingthechemicaldopamine

toformthebrain'srewardsystem.Theyareinvolvedinanticipatingthe

pleasureofeatingandinaddictiontodrugs.Aratwillpressabarrepeatedly,

ignoringsexuallyavailablepartners,toreceiveelectricalstimulationofthe

"wanting"partsofthebrain.Buthavingreceivedbrainstimulation,therat

eatsmorebutshowsnosignofenjoyingthefooditcraved.Inhumans,adrug

likenicotineproducesmuchcravingbutlittlepleasure.

　　H

　　Inessence,whatthebiologylessontellsusisthatnegativeemotionsare

fundamentaltothehumancondition,andifsnowondertheyaredifficultto

eradicate.Atthesametime,byatrickofnature,ourbrainsaredesignedto

cravebutneverreallyachievelastinghappiness.

　　Question14-20

　　ThereadingpassagehassevenparagraphsA-H.

　　Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?

　　WritethecorrectletterA-H,inboxes14-20onyouranswersheet.

　　14Anexperimentinvolvingdividingseveralgroupsoneofwhichreceived

positiveicon

　　15Reviewofapoorlyresearchedpsychologyarea

　　16Contrastbeingmadeaboutthebrain’sactionasresponsetopositiveor

negativestimulus

　　17Theskepticalattitudetowardtheresearchseemedtobeawasteof

fund

　　18asubstancethatproducesmuchwantinginsteadofmuchliking

　　19aconclusionthatlastinghappinessarehardlyobtainedbecauseofthe

natureofbrains

　　20Onedescriptionthatlistedthehumanemotionalcategories

　　Question21-25

　　CompletethefollowingsummaryoftheparagraphsofReadingPassage,using

nomorethanfourwordsfromtheReadingPassageforeachanswer.

　　Writeyouranswersinboxes21-25onyouranswersheet.

　　Afewpioneersinexperimentalpsychologystudywhathappenswhenlivesgo

well.ProfessorAlicedivideddoctors,makingatrickyexperiment,intothree

groups：

besidetheonecontrolgroup,theothertwoeitherareaskedtoread

humanisticstatementsaboutdrugs,orreceived…21...Thelatterdisplayedthe

mostcreativethinkingandworkedmoreefficiently.Sincecriticsare

questioningthesignificanceofthe…22…forbothlevelsofhappinessand

classificationforthevirtues.ProfessorSeligmancounteredinanevolutional

theory：

survivalinatimeofadversityforgedourbrainsintothewayof

thinkingforwhat'swrongbecausewehavea…23…

　　Thereisbountifulofevidencetoshowthatnegativethinkingisdeeply

builtinthehumanpsyche.Later,atIowaUniversity,neuroscientistsstudied

theactivepartsinbrainstocontrastwhenpeopleareshownpleasantand

unpleasantpictures.Whenpositiveimageslike…24…areshown,partofthefrontal

lobeofthebrainbecomesactive.Butwhentheyareshownunpleasantimage,the

responsecomesfrom…25…ofthebrain.

　　Question26

　　Writeyouranswersinboxes26onyouranswersheet.

　　Choosethecorrectletter.A,B,CorD.

　　AccordingtoDanielNettleinthelasttwoparagraphs,whatistrueasthe

scientistscantellusabouthappiness

　　ABrainsystemsalwaysmixlikingandwantingtogether.

　　BNegativeemotionscanbeeasilyridofifwethinkpositively.

　　CHappinessislikenicotinewearecravingforbutgetlittle

pleasure.

　　DTheinnermechanismofhumanbrainsdoesnotassistustoachievedurable

happiness.