北外考研基础英语样题Word文档下载推荐.docx

北外考研基础英语样题Word文档下载推荐.docx

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Forawrongword,underlinethewrongwordandwritethecorrectoneintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.

Foramissingword,markthepositionofthemissingwordwitha∧andwritethewordwhichyoubelieveismissingintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.

Foranunnecessaryword,crosstheunnecessarywordwithaslash／andputthewordintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.

Theelderlywhofindsgreatrewardsandsatisfactions

（1）___________

Intheirlaterlivesareasmallminorityinthiscountry.Butthey

Doexist.Theyarethe“agedelite”.Itismoststrikingaboutthese

（2）___________

Peopleistheircapacityforgrowth.WhenArthurRobinsonwas

Eighty,someonetoldhimthathewasplyingpianobetterthan（3）___________

Ever.“Ithinkso,”heagreed.“NowItakechancesInevertook

Before.Iwasusedtobesomuchmorecareful.Nowrongnotes.（4）___________

Nottooboldideas.NowIletgoandenjoymyselfandtobewith（5）___________

Everythingbesidesthemusic.”Anotherreasonforthesuccessof

Theagedelitearethetraitstheyformedearlierintheirlives.A（6）___________

Sixty-eight-yearoldwoman,threetimesmarriedandwidowed,

Says,”It’snotjustwhatyoudowhenyou’repastsixty-five.It’swhat

Youdidallyourlifewhichmatters.Ifyouhavelivedafulllife,（7）____________

Developedyourmind,youwillbeabletouseitpastsixty-five.

Alongfranknesscomeshumor.Asenseofhumorisan（8）___________

aidpeopleusetocopewithtension.“Humor,”saysDr.Barren,

“alsoleadsyoutojoinwithotherpeople.Therearetwowaysto

Dealwithstress.Weeitherreachoutorwithdraw.Thereachers（9）___________

seekoutotherpeopletosharetheirproblemsinsteadofpulling

away.”Growing,active,humorous,sharing–theseareallqualities

whichdescribetheagedelite.（10）__________

PartIIREADINGCOMPREHENSION（60points）

A.MultipleChoice

PleasereadthefollowingpassagesandchooseA,B,CorDtobestcompletethestatementsaboutthem.

ThePerilsofEfficiency

Thisspring,disasterloomedintheglobalfoodmarket.Precipitousincreasesinthepricesofstapleslikerice（upmorethanahundredandfiftypercentinafewmonths）andmaizeprovokedfoodriots,toppledgovernments,andthreatenedthelivesoftensofmillions.Buttheburstingofthecommoditybubbleeasedthosepressures,andfoodprices,whilestillhigh,havecomewellofftheastronomicallevelstheyhitinApril.ForAmericans,thedropincommoditypriceshasputafewmorebucksinpeople’spockets;

inmuchofthedevelopingworld,itmayhavesavedmanyfromactuallystarving.Sodidtheglobalfinancialcrisissolvetheglobalfoodcrisis?

Temporarily,perhaps.Buttherecentpricedropdoesn’tprovideanylong-termrespitefromthethreatoffoodshortagesorfuturepricespikes.Norhasitreassuredanyoneaboutthehealthoftheglobalagriculturalsystem,whichthecrisisrevealedasdangerouslyunstable.FourdecadesaftertheGreenRevolution,andafterwavesofmarketreformsintendedtotransformagriculturalproduction,we’restillhavingahardtimeinsuringthatpeoplesimplygetenoughtoeat,andweseemtobemorevulnerabletosupplyshocksthanever.

Itwasn’tsupposedtobethisway.Overthepasttwodecades,countriesaroundtheworldhavemovedawayfromtheirfocuson“foodsecurity”andhandedmarketforcesagreaterroleinshapingagriculturalpolicy.Beforethenineteen-eighties,developingcountrieshadso-called“agriculturalmarketingboards,”whichwouldbuycommoditiesfromfarmersatfixedprices（priceshighenoughtokeepfarmersfarming）,andthenstoretheminstrategicreservesthatcouldbeusedintheeventofbadharvestsorsoaringimportprices.Butintheeightiesandnineties,oftenaspartofstructural-adjustmentprogramsimposedbytheI.M.F.ortheWorldBank,manymarketingboardswereeliminatedorcutback,andgrainreserves,deemedinefficientandunnecessary,weresoldoff.Inthesameway,structural-adjustmentprogramsoftendidawaywithgovernmentinvestmentinandsubsidiestoagriculture—mostnotably,subsidiesforthingslikefertilizersandhigh-yieldseeds.

Thelogicbehindthesereformswassimple:

themarketwouldallocateresourcesmoreefficientlythangovernment,leadingtogreaterproductivity.Farmers,insteadofgrowingsubsidizedmaizeandwheatathighcost,couldconcentrateoncashcrops,likecashewsandchocolate,andusethemoneytheymadetobuystaplefoods.Ifacountrycouldn’tcompeteintheglobaleconomy,productionwouldmigratetocountriesthatcould.Itwasalsoassumedthat,oncegovernmentssteppedoutoftheway,privateinvestmentwouldfloodintoagriculture,boostingperformance.Andinternationalaidseemedamoreefficientwayofrelievingfoodcrisesthanrelyingoncountriestomaintainsurplusesandfood-securityprograms,whicharewastefulandcostly.

This“marketization”ofagriculturehasnot,tobesure,beenfullycarriedthrough.Subsidiesarestillendemicinrichcountriesandpoor,whiledevelopingcountriesoftenplacetariffsonimportedfood,whichbenefittheirfarmersbutdriveuppricesforconsumers.Andinextremecircumstancescountriesrestrictexports,hoardingfoodfortheirowncitizens.Nonetheless,weclearlyhavealeaner,moremarket-friendlyagriculturalsystemthanbefore.Itlooks,infact,abitlikeglobalmanufacturing,withlowinventories（wheatstocksareattheirlowestsince1977）,concentratedproduction（threecountriesprovideninetypercentofcornexports,andfivecountriesprovideeightypercentofriceexports）,andfewerredundancies.Governmentshaveamuchsmallerrole,andpublicspendingonagriculturehasbeencutsharply.

Theproblemisthat,whilethissystemisundeniablymoreefficient,it’salsomuchmorefragile.Badweatherinjustafewcountriescanwreakhavocacrosstheentiresystem.Whenpricesspikeastheydidthisspring（forreasonsthatnowseemnotentirelyobvious）,theresultisfoodshortagesandmalnutritioninpoorercountries,sincetheyarefarmoredependentonimportsandhavefewfoodreservestodrawon.And,whilehigherpricesandmarketreformsweresupposedtobringaboominagriculturalproductivity,globalcropyieldsactuallyroselessbetween1990and2007thantheydidintheprevioustwentyyears,inpartbecauseinmanydevelopingcountriesprivate-sectoragriculturalinvestmentnevermaterialized,whilethecutbacksingovernmentspendingleftthemwithfeebleinfrastructures.

Thesechangesdidnotcausetherisingpricesofthepastcoupleofyears,buttheyhavemadethemmoredamaging.Theoldemphasisonfoodsecuritywasundoubtedlycostly,andoftenwasteful.Buttheredundanciesitcreatedalsohadtremendousvaluewhenthingswentwrong.Andonesurethingaboutasystemascomplexasagricultureisthatthingswillgowrong,oftenwithdevastatingconsequences.Ifthejust-in-timesystemforproducingcarsrunsintoahitchandthesupplyofcarsshrinksforawhile,peoplecaneasilyadapt.Whenthesamehappenswithfood,peoplegohungryorevenstarve.Thatdoesn’tmeanthatweneedtoembracepricecontrolsorcollectivefarms,andtherearesensiblemarketreforms,likedoingawaywithimporttariffs,thatwouldmakedeveloping-countryconsumersbetteroff.ButafewweeksagoBillClinton,noenemyofmarketreform,gotitrightwhenhesaidthatweshouldhelpcountriesachieve“maximumagriculturalself-sufficiency.”Insteadofamoreefficientsystem,weshouldbetryingtobuildamorereliableone. 

（1）Whatcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraph?

[A]Globalfinancialcrisisdestablizedgovernments.

[B]Foodriotsresultedfromskyrockeingfoodbills.

[C]Financialcrisisworsensfoodcrisis.

[D]Foodpricessurgedby150%inApril.

（2）Thefoodcrisisrevealedtheglobalagriculturalsystemas.

[A]fragile

[B]unresponsive

[C]costly

[D]unbearable

（3）Accordingtothethirdparagraph,structural-adjustmentprograms.

[A]intendedtocopewithpoorharvests

[B]wereintroducedaspartof“marketforces”policies

[C]removedpricecontrolsandstatesubsidies

[D]encouragedcountriestofocusonfoodsecurity

（4）Themarketizationofagricultureprobablymeans.

[A]privateinvestmentfloodsintoagriculture

[B]marketforcesprovideefficiencyinagriculture

[C]agriculturalpolicyworkswiththefreemarketsystem

[D]agriculturalproductionisfreefromgovernmentintervention

（5）WhichofthefollowingisNOTafeatureoftheexistingagricuturalsystem?

[A]Reducedgovernmentspending.

[B]Concentratedproduction.

[C]Self-sufficiency.

[D]Lowwheatstocks.

（6）Inthelastparagraph,theunderlinedpart“theredundancies”probablyreferto.

[A]High-yieldseeds

[B]Grainreserves

[C]Cashcrops

[D]Cornimports

MindingtheInequalityGap

Duringthefirst70yearsofthe20thcentury,inequalitydeclinedandAmericansprosperedtogether.Overthelast30years,bycontrast,theUnitedStatesdevelopedthemostunequaldistributionofincomeandwagesofanyhigh-incomecountry.

Someanalystsseethegulfbetweentherichandtherestasanincentiveforstrivers,orasjustthewaythingsare.Othersseeitashavingacorrosiveeffectonpeople’sfaithinthemarketsanddemocracy.StillotherscontendthateconomicpolarizationisarootcauseofAmerica’spoliticalpolarization.Could,andshould,somethingbedone?

ClaudiaGoldinandLawrenceF.Katz,twoHarvardeconomists,thinkyes.Theirbook,T