美国人餐桌文化及礼仪.docx

美国人餐桌文化及礼仪.docx

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美国人餐桌文化及礼仪

背景知识

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美国快餐饮食文化和词汇大全

生活在美国

（一）无所不在的快餐点

    随着美国人生活节奏的加快，快餐食品便应运而生．其快餐连锁店遍及世界各地，其中影响最大的当属麦当劳快餐连锁店．供应的快餐食品有：

汉堡包、烤牛肉、牛排、火腿、三明治、肯德鸡、油炸土豆片、烘馅饼、冰淇淋以及各种碳酸饮料等．

　　FastFood快餐食品

　　Fast-foodchains，American-style，arecurrentlyontheincreaseallovertheworld．Mostoftheseplacesworkonasimilarprinciple．Thereisalongcounter，abovewhichisdisplayedalist（oftenwithpictures）oftheitemsavailable，andbehindwhichseveralpeople（oftenstudents  workingfortheminimumwage）areserving．Individualqueuesforminfrontofeachassistant．Youreceivewhatyouordermoreorlessimmediatelyandtakeitonatraytoatable，pickingupthinglikestraws（吸管），pepper，salt，ketchup（蕃茄酱），pickles（泡菜）andnapkins（usuallypapernapkins）ontheway．Ifyoucan’tseeanyknivesandforks，thismeansyouaresupposedtoeatwithyourhands．Ifyoucan’tseeanystraws，that’sbecausetheyarehidinginthestrawdispenser（分配器）thatyouhavetofiddle（拨弄）withthebottomofittogetastraw（oneatatime）toemerge．Whenyou’vefinished，youyourselfthrowawayeverythingexceptthetray．

　　Manyfast-foodplaceshavedrive-infacilities．Youplaceyourorderfromyourcarvia（通过）amicrophoneandthendriveroundtoaspecialwindowtopayandpickitup．Youmayevenencounterplaceswhereawaitressbringyourmealout，andyousitandeatitinthecarfromatrayhookedoverthedoorthroughtheopenwindow．

Youmaybeaskedifyourorderis“forhere”or“togo”（i．e．totakeaway）．Insomestatesthereisnosalestaxonfoodconsumed．

　　TypesofFastFoodRestaurants快餐店的种类

　　Themostwidespreadtypeoffast-foodrestaurantisthatservinghamburgers，such  asthechainsofMacDonald．Allthedifferentchainshavetheirownspecialties．Arby’srestaurantsservelargeroastbeef，hamandcheese，andturkey（火鸡）“sandwiches”．Somerestaurantchainsspecializeinservingsteaksquicklyandcheaply．Andthenthere’sKentuckyFriedChicken．

　　Chips油炸土豆片

　　ChipsinAmericaarecalled“Frenchfries”or“fries”forshort．（NotethatintheUSA“chips”meancrisps）．“Frenchfries”arenormallythinnerthanchips．Americansgenerally  putketchupontheirchips，andyouwillnotnormallyfindvinegar（醋）．

　　Pizzas（意大利式）烘焰饼

　　TherearemanyspecialtypizzarestaurantsinAmerica，andmanyofthemtaketelephoneordersanddeliverpizzastoyourhome，whichcanoftenbeconvenient．Theycome  indifferentsizes，andalargeonecanbebigenoughforapartyoffourpeople．Ifyouwanttoshareapizzabutcan’tagreeontheingredients，itispossibletoordertwodifferent setsoftoppings，onesetoneachhalf．

　　Ice-Cream冰淇淋

　　Shopssellinglargenumberofdifferentflavorsofice-creamareverycommoninAmerica．Ifyouarenotsurewhatflavoryouwant，generallyyoucansampleasmallspoonfulofaparticularflavortoseeifyoulikeit．Youcaneitherhaveyourice-creamina“plaincone”（普通型锥形物）orina“sugarcone”（甜脆型锥形物）．

　　SoftDrinks软饮料

Fast-foodrestaurantsdonotservealcohol．ThesoftdrinksmostoftensoldareCoca-ColaandPepsi——Cola，plusfizzydrinks（whicharelikelemonade）androotbeer（whichislikecoughmedicine）．Fizzydrinksareknownas“carbonatedbeverages”（碳酸饮料）or，morecolloquially，“soda”，“pop”，“sodapop”，and“softdrinks”．

Allthesedrinkscomewithlostofice．Infact，youwillprobablyfindasmuchiceasdrinkinyourdrink．Ifyouaskforasoftdrinkwithoutice，theywillthinkyouarefunnybutwillprobablyoblige．（Theymaychargeyouabitextra，foriceischeaperthanCoke．）

生活在美国

（二）美国人的用餐习惯

   美国人吃饭用刀叉，而且他们的用餐方式是很有讲究的。

因此，在应邀与美国朋友一起吃饭时，应特别注意他们的用餐习惯。

一般情况下，餐桌上摆放有一幅餐刀和两幅餐叉，外边的餐叉供你吃色拉，里边的餐叉用于吃主食和其它点心食品，餐刀用来切肉食。

如果你两手并用，应左手握叉，右手握刀，而且一次握刀时间不能太长。

美国人的早餐有：

炒或煮鸡蛋、香肠、油炸土豆片、薄煎饼、果子冻、烤面包、松饼、桔子汁以及咖啡等。

　　EatingCustomandPractice用餐习惯

　　Americaneatingisfunny.Theyeatalmosteverythingwithafork,anditappearsthatholdingaknifeinone'srighthandlongerthanafewsecondsisconsideredtobeagainstgoodtablemanners.

　　Thesystemisthatifitisabsolutelynecessarytouseaknife,peopletaketheforkintheirlefthand,andcutoffapieceofmeatorwhateveritisinthenormalmanner.Thentheyputtheknifedown,transfertheforktotheirrighthand,andonlythendotheytransportthefoodtotheirmouth.Thisisclearlyludicrous（滑稽可笑）,butitisconsideredgoodmanners.

　　Thereareseveralresultsofthissystem.First,ifitisnotabsolutelynecessarytouseaknife,Americansdon'tuseone,becauseobviouslythisgreatlycomplicates（使复杂化）things,andyouwillthereforeseethemtryingtocutthingslikepotatoes,fishandevenbacon（熏猪肉）withafork.Second,towardstheendofacourse,sinceonlyoneimplement（器具）isbeingused,foodhastobechasedaroundtheplatewiththefork—andforthelastmouthfulthethumbhastobeusedtokeepthefoodinplace,althoughoneisnotsupposedtodothis.

　　Third,tablesaregenerallylaidwithoneknifeandtwoforks,theoutsideforkbeingforthesalad.ThereisnoneedforforeignvisitorstofollowtheAmericansystemandtrytoeatthesaladwithonlyafork,butifyoudouseyourknife,remembertosaveitforthemeatcourse.Evendesserts（甜食）（excepticecream）areeatenwithaforkifatallpossible,andthespoonyouseebyyourdessertismeanttobeforcoffee（butifyouuseitforyourdessertnoonewillsayanything）.

　　SomeBreakfastDishes早餐食谱

　　Breakfastinarestaurantisaveryenjoyableexperience.Ifyouordereggsinarestaurant,thewaiter/waitresswillaskyouhowyouwantthem.Youcanreplythatyouwantthem"scrambled（炒）"or"boiled".Itisnotsufficient,however,toaskforthem"fried";youwillhavetospecifywhetheryouwouldpreferthem"sunny-side-up"（煎一面）,"over"（两面煎）,"over-easy/easy-over"（两面煎，但蛋黄仍然呈流体状）.Americansausage（香肠）comesinslicesandisquitespicy.Butyoucanalsohavelinksausage.　　Americanbaconcomesinsmallstrips,canberatherfat,andisservedcrispy.Itisusuallyverytasty,andyoucaneatitwithyourfingers.　"Hashbrows"（油炸土豆片）areshredded（切成碎片的）andfriedpotatoes.Theyarewonderful,especiallywithfriedeggsandketchup（蕃茄酱）.

　　"Pancakes",sometimescalled"hotcakes",aremadewithbakingpower.Theyarenormallyservedinapile,andyouaresupposedtoputbutterandsyrup（果浆）onthem.

"Jelly"（果子冻）isjamandincludesgrapejelly,whichisverytasty.

       Toastisoftenservedalreadybuttered.

　　"Englishmuffins（松饼）"arelikesmallcrumpets（烤饼）withouttheholesandareservedtoasted.Youputjamonthem.

　　A"biscuit"（软饼）isasmall,scone-likebreadroll,oftenservedhot.

　　Orangejuiceandcoffeeareoftenservedwithbreakfast.

生活在美国（三）美国人的主食

   美国人吃午餐和吃晚餐之前通常要喝点鸡尾酒，但在加利福尼亚州，人们大都喝葡萄酒。

吃主食之前，一般都要吃一盘色拉。

炸磨茹和炸洋葱圈可作为开胃食品，牛排、猪排和鸡（腿）为主食，龙虾、贝壳类动物以及各种鱼类甚至包括淡水鱼被统称为海鲜。

炸土豆条是深受人们喜爱而且几乎成了必不可少的食物。

另外应特别注意的一点，如有吃剩的食物，一定要打包带回家，以免浪费。

　　Cocktail鸡尾酒

　　ItisquiteusualtodrinkcocktailsbeforelunchanddinnerinAmericaandsomewhatlessusual,exceptinCalifornia,todrinkwinewithameal.Youcaneitherhaveacocktailinthebar,ifthereisone,whileyouwaitforatableorforfriends,oryoucanhaveoneservedbeforeyourdinnercomes.Atsomerestaurantsthewaiter/waitresswillcometoyourtableassoonasyousitdowntoaskifyouwantacocktail,andyoucanthendrinkthiswhiledecidingwhattoordertoeat.Atothers,theremaybeaseparatecocktailwaiterorwaitress.Inthiscase,youdonotnormallyorderwinefromhimorherbutfromthenormalwaiter-orthewinewaiteristhereisone.

　　DonothesitatetoorderCalifornianwines.Theycanbeexcellentandinmanypartsofthecountryarecheap.

　　Salad　色拉

　　Itisusualtohaveasaladwithyourmeal,andaseparateplateisprovidedforthispurpose.ThenormalpracticeinAmericaistoeatthesaladbeforethemaincourse.AwonderfulAmericaninventionisthesaladbar.Inrestaurantsthathavethesesaladbarsthewaiterdoesnotbringyoursalad.Yougotothesaladbarandhelpyourself,usuallytoasmuchasyouwant.Thisisnormallydoneafteryouhaveorderedyourmeal;youeatthesaladwhilethemaincourseisbeingcooked.

　　ChoosingfromtheMenu　选菜

　　Americanmenuscanlookratherconfusingatfirstsight,fortheymayusesometermswhichareunfamiliartomostvisitors.Herearesomepointswhichmaybeuseful.

　　Friedmushrooms,friedonionrings（洋葱圈）andfriedzucchini（小胡瓜）aresometimesservedasstarters（第一道菜）.

　　Potatoesmostoftencome"French-fried"orbaked.Ifyouorderabakedpotato,thewaiterwillaskyouwhatyouwantonit.Thechoiceisbutterand/orsourcreamandsometimeschives（细香葱）.

　　Veryoftenvegetablesdonotcomeautomaticallywiththemeal,andyouhavetopayextraforthem.

　　"Scrod"（小鳕鱼）,"redsnapper"（啮龟）and"mahihahi"areallnameoffish."Seafood”meanslobster（龙虾）,shellfishandfish,including,funnilyenough,freshwaterfish!

Prawns（对虾）areknownas"shrimp".

　　Americanbeefisusuallygoodandoftenwonderful.

　　Americansaltandpepper（糊椒粉）potsareconfusinguntilyourealizethatthesaltpotmaylooklikeapepperpotexceptthatthesaltpot'sholesarebigger.Pepperisnormallyblackratherthanwhite.Americanmustard（芥末）ismildandnormallyeatenwithhotdogsorhamburgersratherthanmeat.

　　Andthatstuffinadishthatlooksicecreamisactuallywhipped（搅拌过的）butter.

　　Leftovers　吃剩的食物

　　YouhaveprobablyheardthatinAmericanrestaurants,ifyoucan'tfinishyourmeal,youcanputtheremainsina"doggybag"andtakethemhome.Thisisquitetrue.Ifyouleavesomemeat,inparticular,yourwaitermayaskyouifyou'dlikehimtoputitinto"alittlebag",oryoucanaskhimtodothis. 

生活在美国（四）美国用餐常识