名词解释和问答题Word文件下载.doc

名词解释和问答题Word文件下载.doc

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3）Reference（所指）语义：

Itmeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld,itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.

4）Illocutionaryact言外行为：

theactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention,itistheactpreformedinsayingsomething.

5）Regionaldialect地域方言：

itisalinguisticvarietyusedbypeoplelivinginthesamegeographicalregion.ithasbeenfoundthatregionaldialectboundariesofencoincidewithgeographicalbarriessuchasmountains,riversorswamps.

6）LAD（LanguageAcquisitionDevice）语言习得机制：

itwasdescribedasanimaginary"

blackbox"

existingsomewhereinthehumanbrain.

7）CA（ContrastiveAnalysis）对比分析：

startingwithdescribingcomparablefeaturesofthenativelanguageandthetargetlanguage,CAcomparestheformsandmeaningsacrossthesetwolanguagestolocatethemismatchesordifferencessothatpeoplecanpredictthepossiblelearningdifficultylearnersmayencounter.Thedistinctionwasmadebetweenpositivetransferandnegativetransfer.①Positivetransfer----facilitatetargetlanguagelearning.②Negativetransfer----interfereorhindertargetlanguagelearningItisbelievedthatdifferencesbetweenthenativelanguageandthetargetlanguagewouldposedifficultiesinsecond/foreignlanguagelearningandteaching

8）Neurolinguistics（神经语言学）：

itisthestudyoftworelatedareas：

languagedisordersandtherelationshipbetweenthebrainandlanguage.Itincludesresearchintohowthebrainisstructuredandwhatfunctioneachpartofthebrainperforms,howandinwhichpartsofthebrainlanguageisstored,andhowdamagetothebrainaffectstheabilitytouselanguage.

9）Predicationanalysis述谓结构分析：

proposedbytheBritishLinguistG.Leech.Inhisframeworkofanalysis,thebasicunitiscalledpredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.Thisappliestoallformsofasentence,includingstatements,imperativeandinterrogativeforms.Apredicationconsistsofargument（s）andpredicate.

10）Cross-culturalcommunication（interculturalcommunication）跨文化交流：

itiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolssystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.

11）Cross-association互相联想：

inEnglishwesometimesmaycomeacrosswordswhicharesimilarinmeaning.Theirspellingandpronunciationarealsoalike.Thecloseassociationofthetwoleadstoconfusion.Suchinterferenceisoftenreferredascross-association.

12）CPH（CriticalPeriodHypothesis）临界期假说：

aspecificandlimitedtimeperiodforlanguageacquisition.①ThestrongversionofCPHsuggeststhatchildrenmustacquiretheirfirstlanguagebypubertyortheywillneverbeabletolearnfromsubsequentexposure.②Theweakversionholdsthatlanguagelearningwillbemoredifficultandincompleteafterpuberty.（SupportinVictor’sandGenie’scases）

13）Prescriptive（grammer）规定语法：

ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor"

correctandstandard"

behaviourinusinglanguagetoellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.

14）Performance语言运用；

言语行为：

theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

15）Duality双重性（doublearticulation）：

languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Thelowerorbasiclevelisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythemselves.Thehigherlevelcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentence,suchasmorphemeorword,whichthesoundsoflanguagecanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitesofmeaning.

五．问答题：

Chapter1

1.Howdoyouinterpretthefollowingdefinitionoflinguistics:

linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage?

Linguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butitstudieslanguagesingeneral.Itisascientificstudybecauseitisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.Inordertodiscoverthenatureandrulesoftheunderlyinglanguagesystem,whatthelinguisthastodofirstistocollectandobservelanguagefacts,whicharefoundtodisplaysomesimilarities,andgeneralizationsaremadeaboutthem,thenheformulatessomehypothesesaboutthelanguagestructure.Butthehypothesesthusformedhavetobecheckedrepeatedlyagainsttheobservedfactstofullyprovetheirvalidity.

6.HowisSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilartoChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance?

BothSaussureandChomskymakethedistinctionbetweentheabstractlanguagesystemandtheactualuseoflanguage.theirpurposeistosingleoutthelanguagesystemforseriousstudy

Theyaresimilarintwoaspects:

thedefinitionandthecontentofstudy.

Ononehand,Saussuredefineslangueastheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparoleastherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Wecanseethatlangueandcompetencebothrefertotheabstractissue,conventionsandknowledge,andparoleandperformancebotharetheiractualrealization,theconcreteuse.

Ontheotherhand,inSaussure’sopinion,whatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractlanguefromparoleasparoleistoovariedandconfusing.AndthisisthesameasChomsky.Hethinkslinguistsshouldstudytheidealspeaker’scompetence,nothisperformance,whichistoohaphazardtobestudied.

TwolinguistsideadifferinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguage,Chomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofview,competenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.

8.WhatarethemainfeaturesofhumanlanguagethathavebeenspecifiedbyC.Hocketttoshowthatitisessentiallydifferentfromanimalcommunicationsystem?

1）Arbitrariness:

thismeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Agoodexampleisthefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguage.

2）Productivity:

Languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsofitsusers.

3）Duality:

languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Atthelowerorthebasiclevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaningless.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofthesystem.

4）Displacement:

Languagecanbeusetorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.

5）Culturaltransmission：

Languageispassedonfromonegenerationtonextthroughteachingandlearningratherthanbyinstinct.

Chapter2

3.Explainwithexampleshowbroadtranscriptionandnarrowonetranscriptiondiffer?

Broadtranscription—onelettersymbolforonesound.

Narrowtranscription—diacriticsareaddedtotheone-lettersymbolstoshowthefinerdifferencesbetweensounds.

8.what’saphone?

howisitdifferentfromaphoneme?

howareallophonesrelatedtoaphoneme?

Phone—aspeechsound,aphoneticunit.

Phoneme---acollectionofabstractsoundfeatures,aphonologicalunit.

Allophones---actualrealizationofaphonemeindifferentphoneticcontexts.

Chapter5

1.Whatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning?

1）Thenamingtheory命名论wasproposedbytheancientGreekscholarPlato.Thelinguisticformsorsymbols,inotherwords,thewordsusedinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor;

wordsarejustnamesorlabelsforthings.Thesemanticrelationshipholdingbetweenwordsandthingsistherelationshipofnaming.

2）Theconceptualistview概念论:

Thisviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto;

rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.ThisisbestillustratedbythesemantictrianglesuggestedbyOgdenandRichards:

3）Contextualism语境论:

RepresentativelyproposedbytheBritishlinguistJ.R.FirthwhohadbeeninfluencedbythePolishanthropologistMalinowskiandtheGermanphilosopherWittgenstein.Itholdsthatmeaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation,use,context–elementscloselylinkedwithlanguagebehavior.…themeaningofawordisitsuseinthelanguage.

4）Behaviourism行为主义论:

BasedoncontextualistviewbyBloomfieldwhodrewonbehavioristpsychologyindefining“meaning”.Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguagefromasthe“situationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.”Thistheory,somewhatclosetocontextualism,islinkedwithpsychologicalinterest.

6.Inwhatwayiscomponentialanalysissimilartotheanalysisofphonemesintodistinctivefeatures?

成分分析和把音位分析为区别性特征有何相似之处？

Inthelightofcomponentialanalysis,themeaningofawordconsistsofanumberofdistinctivemeaningfeatures,theanalysisbreaksdownthemeaningofthewordintothesefeatures;

itisthesedifferentfeaturesthatdistinguishwordmeaningsimilarl