名词解释和问答题Word文件下载.doc
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3)Reference(所指)语义:
Itmeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld,itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.
4)Illocutionaryact言外行为:
theactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention,itistheactpreformedinsayingsomething.
5)Regionaldialect地域方言:
itisalinguisticvarietyusedbypeoplelivinginthesamegeographicalregion.ithasbeenfoundthatregionaldialectboundariesofencoincidewithgeographicalbarriessuchasmountains,riversorswamps.
6)LAD(LanguageAcquisitionDevice)语言习得机制:
itwasdescribedasanimaginary"
blackbox"
existingsomewhereinthehumanbrain.
7)CA(ContrastiveAnalysis)对比分析:
startingwithdescribingcomparablefeaturesofthenativelanguageandthetargetlanguage,CAcomparestheformsandmeaningsacrossthesetwolanguagestolocatethemismatchesordifferencessothatpeoplecanpredictthepossiblelearningdifficultylearnersmayencounter.Thedistinctionwasmadebetweenpositivetransferandnegativetransfer.①Positivetransfer----facilitatetargetlanguagelearning.②Negativetransfer----interfereorhindertargetlanguagelearningItisbelievedthatdifferencesbetweenthenativelanguageandthetargetlanguagewouldposedifficultiesinsecond/foreignlanguagelearningandteaching
8)Neurolinguistics(神经语言学):
itisthestudyoftworelatedareas:
languagedisordersandtherelationshipbetweenthebrainandlanguage.Itincludesresearchintohowthebrainisstructuredandwhatfunctioneachpartofthebrainperforms,howandinwhichpartsofthebrainlanguageisstored,andhowdamagetothebrainaffectstheabilitytouselanguage.
9)Predicationanalysis述谓结构分析:
proposedbytheBritishLinguistG.Leech.Inhisframeworkofanalysis,thebasicunitiscalledpredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.Thisappliestoallformsofasentence,includingstatements,imperativeandinterrogativeforms.Apredicationconsistsofargument(s)andpredicate.
10)Cross-culturalcommunication(interculturalcommunication)跨文化交流:
itiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolssystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.
11)Cross-association互相联想:
inEnglishwesometimesmaycomeacrosswordswhicharesimilarinmeaning.Theirspellingandpronunciationarealsoalike.Thecloseassociationofthetwoleadstoconfusion.Suchinterferenceisoftenreferredascross-association.
12)CPH(CriticalPeriodHypothesis)临界期假说:
aspecificandlimitedtimeperiodforlanguageacquisition.①ThestrongversionofCPHsuggeststhatchildrenmustacquiretheirfirstlanguagebypubertyortheywillneverbeabletolearnfromsubsequentexposure.②Theweakversionholdsthatlanguagelearningwillbemoredifficultandincompleteafterpuberty.(SupportinVictor’sandGenie’scases)
13)Prescriptive(grammer)规定语法:
ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor"
correctandstandard"
behaviourinusinglanguagetoellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.
14)Performance语言运用;
言语行为:
theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.
15)Duality双重性(doublearticulation):
languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Thelowerorbasiclevelisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythemselves.Thehigherlevelcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentence,suchasmorphemeorword,whichthesoundsoflanguagecanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitesofmeaning.
五.问答题:
Chapter1
1.Howdoyouinterpretthefollowingdefinitionoflinguistics:
linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage?
Linguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butitstudieslanguagesingeneral.Itisascientificstudybecauseitisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.Inordertodiscoverthenatureandrulesoftheunderlyinglanguagesystem,whatthelinguisthastodofirstistocollectandobservelanguagefacts,whicharefoundtodisplaysomesimilarities,andgeneralizationsaremadeaboutthem,thenheformulatessomehypothesesaboutthelanguagestructure.Butthehypothesesthusformedhavetobecheckedrepeatedlyagainsttheobservedfactstofullyprovetheirvalidity.
6.HowisSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilartoChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance?
BothSaussureandChomskymakethedistinctionbetweentheabstractlanguagesystemandtheactualuseoflanguage.theirpurposeistosingleoutthelanguagesystemforseriousstudy
Theyaresimilarintwoaspects:
thedefinitionandthecontentofstudy.
Ononehand,Saussuredefineslangueastheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparoleastherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Wecanseethatlangueandcompetencebothrefertotheabstractissue,conventionsandknowledge,andparoleandperformancebotharetheiractualrealization,theconcreteuse.
Ontheotherhand,inSaussure’sopinion,whatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractlanguefromparoleasparoleistoovariedandconfusing.AndthisisthesameasChomsky.Hethinkslinguistsshouldstudytheidealspeaker’scompetence,nothisperformance,whichistoohaphazardtobestudied.
TwolinguistsideadifferinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguage,Chomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofview,competenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.
8.WhatarethemainfeaturesofhumanlanguagethathavebeenspecifiedbyC.Hocketttoshowthatitisessentiallydifferentfromanimalcommunicationsystem?
1)Arbitrariness:
thismeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Agoodexampleisthefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguage.
2)Productivity:
Languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsofitsusers.
3)Duality:
languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Atthelowerorthebasiclevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaningless.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofthesystem.
4)Displacement:
Languagecanbeusetorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.
5)Culturaltransmission:
Languageispassedonfromonegenerationtonextthroughteachingandlearningratherthanbyinstinct.
Chapter2
3.Explainwithexampleshowbroadtranscriptionandnarrowonetranscriptiondiffer?
Broadtranscription—onelettersymbolforonesound.
Narrowtranscription—diacriticsareaddedtotheone-lettersymbolstoshowthefinerdifferencesbetweensounds.
8.what’saphone?
howisitdifferentfromaphoneme?
howareallophonesrelatedtoaphoneme?
Phone—aspeechsound,aphoneticunit.
Phoneme---acollectionofabstractsoundfeatures,aphonologicalunit.
Allophones---actualrealizationofaphonemeindifferentphoneticcontexts.
Chapter5
1.Whatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning?
1)Thenamingtheory命名论wasproposedbytheancientGreekscholarPlato.Thelinguisticformsorsymbols,inotherwords,thewordsusedinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor;
wordsarejustnamesorlabelsforthings.Thesemanticrelationshipholdingbetweenwordsandthingsistherelationshipofnaming.
2)Theconceptualistview概念论:
Thisviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto;
rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.ThisisbestillustratedbythesemantictrianglesuggestedbyOgdenandRichards:
3)Contextualism语境论:
RepresentativelyproposedbytheBritishlinguistJ.R.FirthwhohadbeeninfluencedbythePolishanthropologistMalinowskiandtheGermanphilosopherWittgenstein.Itholdsthatmeaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation,use,context–elementscloselylinkedwithlanguagebehavior.…themeaningofawordisitsuseinthelanguage.
4)Behaviourism行为主义论:
BasedoncontextualistviewbyBloomfieldwhodrewonbehavioristpsychologyindefining“meaning”.Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguagefromasthe“situationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.”Thistheory,somewhatclosetocontextualism,islinkedwithpsychologicalinterest.
6.Inwhatwayiscomponentialanalysissimilartotheanalysisofphonemesintodistinctivefeatures?
成分分析和把音位分析为区别性特征有何相似之处?
Inthelightofcomponentialanalysis,themeaningofawordconsistsofanumberofdistinctivemeaningfeatures,theanalysisbreaksdownthemeaningofthewordintothesefeatures;
itisthesedifferentfeaturesthatdistinguishwordmeaningsimilarl