TOEFL试题含答案2Word格式.docx

TOEFL试题含答案2Word格式.docx

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40.TheBarnesFoundationinMerion,Pennsylvania,wascharteredin1922topromotionarteducationbyprovidingartclassesandbyestablishingapublishingprogram.

SectionThree:

ReadingComprehension

Question1-10

Allmammalsfeedtheiryoung.Belugawhalemothers,forexample,nursetheircalvesforsometwentymonths,untiltheyareabouttogivebirthagainandtheiryoungareabletofindtheirownfood.Thebehavioroffeedingoftheyoungisbuiltintothereproductivesystem.Itisanonelectivepartofparentalcareandthedefiningfeatureofamammal,themostimportantthingthatmammals--whethermarsupials,platypuses,spinyanteaters,orplacentalmammals--haveincommon.

Butnotallanimalparents,eventhosethattendtheiroffspringtothepointofhatchingorbirth,feedtheiryoung.Mostegg-guardingfishdonot,forthesimplereasonthattheiryoungaresomuchsmallerthantheparentsandeatfoodthatisalsomuchsmallerthanthefoodeatenbyadults.Inreptiles,thecrocodilemotherprotectsheryoungaftertheyhavehatchedandtakesthemdowntothewater,wheretheywillfindfood,butshedoesnotactuallyfeedthem.Fewinsectsfeedtheiryoungafterhatching,butsomemakeotherarrangement,provisioningtheircellsandnestswithcaterpillarsandspidersthattheyhaveparalyzedwiththeirvenomandstoredinastateofsuspendedanimationsothattheirlarvaemighthaveasupplyoffreshfoodwhentheyhatch.

Foranimalsotherthanmammals,then,feedingisnotintrinsictoparentalcare.Animalsaddittotheirreproductivestrategiestogivethemanedgeintheirlifelongquestfordescendants.Themostvulnerablemomentinanyanimal'

slifeiswhenitfirstfindsitselfcompletelyonitsown,whenitmustforageandfendforitself.Feedingpostponesthatmomentuntilayounganimalhasgrowntosuchasizethatitisbetterabletocope.Youngthatarefedbytheirparentsbecomenutritionallyindependentatamuchgreaterfractionoftheirfulladultsize.Andinthemeantimethoseyoungareshieldedagainstthevagariesoffluctuatingofdifficult-to-findsupplies.Onceaspeciesdoestakethestepoffeedingitsyoung,theyoungbecometotallydependentontheextraeffort.Ifbothparentsareremoved,theyounggenerallydonosurvive.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

A.Thecarethatvariousanimalsgivetotheiroffspring.

B.Thedifficultiesyounganimalsfaceinobtainingfood.

C.Themethodsthatmammalsusetonursetheiryoung.

D.Theimportanceamongyoungmammalsofbecomingindependent.

2.Theauthorlistsvariousanimalsinline5to

A.contrastthefeedinghabitsofdifferenttypesofmammals

B.describetheprocessbywhichmammalscametobedefined

C.emphasizethepointthateverytypeofmammalfeedsitsownyoung

D.explainwhyaparticularfeatureofmammalsisnonelective

3.Theword"

tend"

inline7isclosestinmeaningto

A.siton

B.move

C.notice

D.carefor

4.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutthepracticeofanimalparentsfeedingtheiryoung?

A.Itisunknownamongfish.

B.Itisunrelatedtothesizeoftheyoung.

C.Itisdangerousfortheparents.

D.Itismostcommonamongmammals.

5.Theword"

provisioning"

inline13isclosestinmeaningto

A.supplying

B.preparing

C.building

D.expanding

6.Accordingtothepassage,howdosomeinsectsmakesuretheiryounghavefood?

A.Bystoringfoodneartheiryoung.

B.Bylocatingtheirnestsorcellsnearspidersandcaterpillars.

C.Bysearchingforfoodsomedistancefromtheirnest.

D.Bygatheringfoodfromanearbywatersource.

7.Theword"

edge"

inline17isclosestinmeaningto

A.opportunity

B.advantage

C.purpose

D.rest

8.Theword"

it"

inline20refersto

A.Feeding

B.moment

C.younganimal

D.size

9.Accordingtothepassage,animalyoungaremostdefenselesswhen

A.theirparentsareawaysearchingforfood

B.theirparentshavemanyyoungtofeed

C.theyareonlyafewdaysold

D.theyfirstbecomeindependent

10.Theword"

shielded"

inline22isclosestinmeaningto

A.raised

B.protected

C.hatched

D.valued

Question11-21:

Printmakingisthegenerictermforanumberofprocesses,ofwhichwoodcutandengravingaretwoprimeexamples.Printsaremadebypressingasheetofpaper（orothermaterial）againstanimage-bearingsurfacetowhichinkhasbeenapplied.Whenthepaperisremoved,theimageadherestoit,butinreverse.

ThewoodcuthadbeenusedinChinafromthefifthcenturyA.D.forapplyingpatternstotextiles.TheprocesswasnotintroducedintoEuropeuntilthefourteenthcentury,firstfortextiledecorationandthenforprintingonpaper.Woodcutsarecreatedbyareliefprocess;

first,theartisttakesablockofwood,whichhasbeensawedparalleltothegrain,coversitwithawhiteground,andthendrawstheimageinink.Thebackgroundiscarvedaway,leavingthedesignareaslightlyraised.Thewoodblockisinked,andtheinkadherestotheraisedimage.Itisthentransferredtodamppapereitherbyhandorwithaprintingpress.

Engraving,whichgrewoutofthegoldsmith'

sart,originatedinGermanyandnorthernItalyinthemiddleofthefifteenthcentury.Itisanintaglioprocess（fromItalianintagliare,"

tocarve"

）.Theimageisincisedintoahighlypolishedmetalplate,usuallycopper,withacuttinginstrument,orburin.Theartistinkstheplateandwipesitcleansothatsomeinkremainsintheincisedgrooves.Animpressionismadeondamppaperinaprintingpress,withsufficientpressurebeingappliedsothatthepaperpicksuptheink.

Bothwoodcutandengravinghavedistinctivecharacteristics.Engravinglendsitselftosubtlemodelingandshadingthroughtheuseoffinelines.Hatchingandcross-hatchingdeterminethedegreeoflightandshadeinaprint.Woodcutstendtobemorelinear,withsharpercontrastsbetweenlightanddark.Printmakingiswellsuitedtotheproductionofmultipleimages.Asetofmultiplesiscalledanedition.Bothmethodscanyieldseveralhundredgood-qualityprintsbeforetheoriginalblockorplatebeginstoshowsignsofwear.Massproductionofprintsinthesixteenthcenturymadeimagesavailable,atalowercost,toamuchbroaderpublicthanbefore.

11.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

A.Theoriginsoftextiledecoration

B.Thecharacteristicsofgood-qualityprints

C.Twotypesofprintmaking

D.Typesofpaperusedinprintmaking

12.Theword"

prime"

inline2isclosestinmeaningto

A.principal

B.complex

C.general

D.recent

13.Theauthor'

spurposesinparagraph2istodescribe

A.thewoodcutsfoundinChinainthefifthcentury

B.theuseofwoodcutsinthetextileindustry

C.theprocessinvolvedincreatingawoodcut

D.theintroductionofwoodcutstoEurope

14.Theword"

incised"

inline15isclosestinmeaningto

A.burned

B.cut

C.framed

D.baked

15.Whichofthefollowingtermsisdefinedinthepassage/

A."

patterns"

（line5）

B."

grain"

（line8）

C."

burin"

（line16）

D."

grooves"

（line17）

16.Theword"

distinctive"

inline19isclosestinmeaningto

A.unique

B.accurate

C.irregular

D.similar

17.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueaboutengravingEXCEPTthatit

A.developedfromtheartofthegoldsmiths

B.requiresthatthepaperbecutwithaburin

C.originatedinthefifteenthcentury

D.involvescarvingintoametalplate

18.Theword"

yield"

inline23isclosestinmeaningto

A.imitate

B.produce

C.revise

D.contrast

19.Accordingtothepassage,whatdowoodcutandengravinghaveincommon?

A.Theirdesignsareslightlyraised.

B.Theyachievecontrastthroughhatchingandcross-hatching.

C.TheywerefirstusedinEurope.

D.Theyallowmultiplecopiestobeproducedfromoneoriginal.

20.Accordingtotheauthor,whatmadeitpossibleformembersofthegeneralpublictoownprintsinthesixteenthcentury?

A.Printscouldbemadeatlowcost.

B.Thequalityofpaperandinkhadimproved.

C.Manypeoplebecameinvolvedintheprintmakingindustry.

D.Decreaseddemandforprintskeptpricesaffordable.

21.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueaboutprintsEXCEPTthatthey

A.canbereproducedonmaterialsotherthanpaper

B.arecreatedfromareversedimage

C.showvariationsbetweenlightanddarkshades

D.requireaprintingpress

Questions22-31:

ThefirstpeoplestoinhabitwhattodayisthesoutheasternUnitedStatess