六级CET6真题.docx

六级CET6真题.docx

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六级CET6真题

PartII    ReadingComprehension（SkimmingandScanning）         （15minutes）

Inrecentyears,teamsofworkersdispatchedbyGooglehavebeenworkinghardtomake digitalcopiesofbooks.Sofar,Googlehasscannedmorethan10milliontitlesfromlibrariesin AmericaandEurope - includinghalfamillionvolumesheldbytheBodleianinOxford.Theexact methoditusesisunclear;thecompanydoesnotallowoutsiderstoobservetheprocess.

WhyisGoogleundertakingsuchaventure?

Whyisiteveninterestedinallthoseout-of-printlibrarybooks,mostofwhichhavebeengatheringdustonforgottenshelvesfordecades?

Thecompanyclaimsitsmotivesareessentiallypublic-spirited.Itsoverallmission,afterall,isto"organize theworld'sinformation",soitwouldbeoddifthatinformationdidnotincludebooks.

Thecompanylikestopresentitselfashavingloftyaspirations."Thisreallyisn'taboutmakingmoney.Wearedoingthisforthegoodofsociety."AsSantiagodelaMora,headofGoogleBooksforEurope,putsit:

"Bymakingitpossibletosearchthemillionsofbooksthatexisttoday,wehope toexpandthefrontiersofhumanknowledge."

DanClancy,thechiefarchitectofGoogleBooks,doesseemgenuineinhisconvictionthatthisisprimarilya philanthropic （慈善的）exercise."Google'scorebusinessissearchandfind,soobviouslywhathelpsimproveGoogle'ssearchengineisgoodforGoogle,"hesays."Butwehaveneverbuilta spreadsheet （电子数据表）outliningthefinancialbenefitsofthis,andIhaveneverhadtojustifytheamountIamspendingtothecompany'sfounders."

Itiseasy,talkingtoClancyandhiscolleagues,tobesweptalongbytheirmissionarypassion. ButGoogle'sbook-scanningprojectisprovingcontroversial.Severalopponentshaverecently emerged,rangingfromrivaltechgiantssuchasMicrosoftandAmazontosmallbodiesrepresentingauthorsandpublishersacrosstheworld.Inbroadterms,theseopponentshavelevelledtwosets ofcriticismsatGoogle.

First,theyhavequestionedwhethertheprimaryresponsibilityfordigitallyarchivingtheworld's booksshouldbeallowedtofalltoacommercialcompany.Inarecentessayinthe NewYorkReviewofBooks, RobertDarnton,theheadofHarvardUniversity'slibrary,arguedthatbecausesuchbooksareacommonresource–thepossessionofusall–onlypublic,not-for-profitbodiesshouldbegiventhepowertocontrolthem.

ThesecondrelatedcriticismisthatGoogle'sscanningofbooksisactuallyillegal.ThisallegationhasledtoGooglebecoming miredin （陷入）alegalbattlewhosescopeandcomplexitymakes theJarndyceandJarndycecaseinCharlesDickens' BleakHouse lookstraightforward.

Atitscenter,however,isonesimpleissue:

thatofcopyright.Theinconvenientfactaboutmost books,towhichGooglehasarguablypaidinsufficientattention,isthattheyareprotectedby copyright.Copyrightlawsdifferfromcountrytocountry,butingeneralprotectionextendsforthe durationofanauthor'slifeandforasubstantialperiodafterwards,thusallowingtheauthor'sheirstobenefit.（InBritainandAmerica,thispost-deathperiodis70years.）Thismeans,ofcourse,that almostallofthebookspublishedinthe20thcenturyarestillundercopyright – andthelastcentury sawmorebookspublishedthaninallpreviouscenturiescombined.Oftheroughly40million booksinUSlibraries,forexample,anestimated32millionareincopyright.Ofthese,some27 millionareoutofprint.

OutsidetheUS,Googlehasmadesureonlytoscanbooksthatareoutofcopyrightandthusinthe"publicdomain"（workssuchastheBodleian'sfirsteditionof Middlemarch, whichanyonecanreadforfreeonGoogleBooksSearch）.

But,withintheUS,thecompanyhasscannedbothin-copyrightandout-of-copyrightworks.Initsdefence,Googlepointsoutthatitdisplaysonlysmallsegmentsofbooksthatareincopyright– arguingthatsuchdisplaysare"fairuse".Butcriticsallegethatbymakingelectroniccopiesof thesebookswithoutfirstseekingthepermissionofcopyrightholders,Googlehascommittedpiracy.

"Thekeyprincipleofcopyrightlawhasalwaysbeenthatworkscanbecopiedonlyonce authorshaveexpresslygiventheirpermission,"saysPiersBlofeld,oftheSheilLandliteraryagency inLondon."Googlehasreversedthis–ithassimplycopiedalltheseworkswithoutbotheringtoask."

In2005,theAuthorsGuildofAmerica,togetherwithagroupofUSpublishers,launchedaclassactionsuit （集团诉讼）againstGooglethat,aftermorethantwoyearsofnegotiation,endedwithanannouncementlastOctoberthatGoogleandtheclaimantshadreachedanout-of-courtsettlement.Thefulldetailsarecomplicated-thetextalonerunsto385pages– andtryingtosummariseitisnoeasytask."Partoftheproblemisthatitisbasicallyincomprehensible,"saysBlofeld,oneofthesettlement'smostvocalBritishcritics.

Broadly,thedealprovidesamechanismforGoogletocompensateauthorsandpublishers whoserightsithasbreached（includinggivingthemashareofanyfuturerevenueitgeneratesfromtheirworks）.Inexchangeforthis,therightsholdersagreenottosueGoogleinfuture.

ThissettlementhandsGooglethepower-butonlywiththeagreementofindividualrightsholders – toexploititsdatabaseofout-of-printbooks.Itcanincludetheminsubscriptiondeals soldtolibrariesorsellthemindividuallyunderaconsumerlicense.Itisthesecommercialprovisionsthatareprovingthesettlement'smostcontroversialaspect.

Criticspointoutthat,bygivingGoogletherighttocommerciallyexploititsdatabase,thesettlementpavesthewayforasubtleshiftinthecompany'srolefromproviderofinformationtoseller."Google'sbusinessmodelhasalwaysbeentoprovideinformationforfree,andselladvertisingonthebasisofthetrafficthisgenerates,"pointsoutJamesGrimmelmann,associateprofessoratNewYorkLawSchool.Now,hesays,becauseofthesettlement'sprovisions,Googlecould becomeasignificantforceinbookselling.

Interestinthisaspectofthesettlementhasfocusedon"orphan"works,wherethereisnoknowncopyrightholder – thesemakeupanestimated5-10%ofthebooksGooglehasscanned. Underthesettlement,whennorightsholderscomeforwardandregistertheirinterestinawork,commercialcontrolautomaticallyrevertstoGoogle.Googlewillbeabletodisplayupto20%oforphanworksforfree,includetheminitssubscriptiondealstolibrariesandsellthemtoindividual buyersundertheconsumerlicense.

Itisbynomeanscertainthatthesettlementwillbe enacted （执行） – itisthesubjectofafairnesshearingintheUScourts.Butifitisenacted,Googlewillineffectbeoffthehookasfaras copyrightviolationsintheUSareconcerned.Manypeopleareseriouslyconcernedbythis-andthecompanyislikelytofacechallengesinothercourtsaroundtheworld.

NooneknowsthepreciseuseGooglewillmakeoftheintellectualpropertyithasgainedbyscanningtheworld'slibrarybooks,andthetruth,asGleick,anAmericansciencewriterandmemberoftheAuthorsGuild,pointsout,isthatthecompanyprobablydoesn'tevenknowitself.But whatiscertainisthat,insomewayorother,Google'sentranceintodigitalbooksellingwillhavea significantimpactonthebookworldintheyearstocome.

1. Googleclaimsitsplanfortheworld'sbiggestonlinelibraryis_____.

A）  toservetheinterestofthegeneralpublic

B）  toencouragereadingaroundtheworld

C）  tosaveout-of-printbooksinlibraries

D）  topromoteitscorebusinessofsearching

2. AccordingtoSantiagodelaMora,Google'sbook-scanningprojectwill_____.

A）  broadenhumanity'sintellectualhorizons

B）  helpthebroadmassesofreaders

C）  revolutionizetheentirebookindustry

D）  makefulluseofthepowerofitssearchengine

3. OpponentsofGoogleBooksbelievethatdigitallyarchivingtheworld'sbooksshouldbecontrolledby_____.

A）  non-profitorganizations            C）multinationalcompanies

B）  theworld'sleadinglibraries          D）theworld'stechgiants

4. Googlehasinvolveditselfinalegalbattleasitignored_____.

A）  thecopyrightofauthorsofout-of-printbooks

B）  thecopyrightofthebooksitscanned

C）  theinterestoftraditionalbooksellers

D）  thedifferencesofin-printandout-of-printbooks

5. Googledefendsitsscanningin-copyrightbooksbysayingthat_____.

A）  itdisplaysonlyasmallpartoftheircontent

B）  itiswillingtocompensatethecopyrightholders

C）  makingelectroniccopiesofbooksisnotaviolationofcopyright

D）  theonlinedisplayofin-copyrightbooksisnotforcommercialuse

6. WhatdowelearnabouttheclassactionsuitagainstGoogle?

A）  ItendedinavictoryfortheAuthorsGuildofAmerica.

B）  Itwassettledaftermorethantwoyearsofnegotiation.

C）  ItfailedtoprotecttheinterestsofAmericanpublishers.

D）  Itcouldleadtomoreout-of-courtsettlementsofsuchdisputes.

7. Whatremainedcontroversialaftertheclassactionsuitended?

A）  Thecompensationforcopyrightholders.

B）  ThechangeinGoogle'sbusinessmodel.

C）  Google'sfurtherexploitationofitsdatabase.

D）  Thecommercialprovisionsofthesettlement.

8.While____________,Googlemakesmoneybysellingadvertising.

9.Bookswhosecopyrightholdersarenotknownarecalled____________.

10.Google'sentranceintodigitalbooksellingwilltremendously_______________inthefuture.

PartIII    ListeningComprehension          （35minutes）SectionA

11. A）Cancelthetriptoprepareforthetest.

B）  ReviewhisnotesoncehearrivesinChicago.

C）  Listentotherecordednoteswhiledriving.

D）  Prepareforthetestafterthewedding.

12. A）Thewomanwillhelpthemanrememberthelines.

B）  Themanla